I happened to return from Laurion to Talos once, but as far as I remember, I was not offered to charge the rover, and the base energy was not shown, although the food synthesizer continued to work.
As mentioned, currently the answer is no. Returning to Talos was added very late in the patch, so the possibility wasn't really considered. For the sake of balance, I probably won't make it possible to do (at least not initially). I'll try to work in some in-game explanation as to why.
Ugh, just more grind to suffer! But in all seriousness if it wasn't disassembled like the rest of the station it probably would be damaged like the rover.
