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Hi!

Yeah, sorry about the mapmodes. There's a few small oversights like that. I'm currently working on another big update (coming this weekend or the next) and it should cover most of such qol issues.

This post will collect some of the books I referenced, read, or used to develop Gleba.

It won't be exhaustive and a book being present here doesn't mean that the ideas from it were used directly or that I agree with the authors - they may be here due to being used for verifying citations in other books or offer competing views to the approaches I chose to use in Gleba.

The main purpose of it, though, is just to provide a list of cool "Gleba-adjacent" books  for those who are interested in following the development more closely!

If you're going to read just one book

• The Dawn of Everything: A New History of Humanity, by David Graeber and David Wengrow - while at times it paints stories that can be too colorful, it's perhaps the most accessible "counter" to the very popular "Germs, Guns, and Steel" by Jared Diamond. Environmental possibilism (rather than environmental determinism) is a crucial part of Gleba's overall design and The Dawn of Everything is a good introduction for people who are short on time but still want to be exposed to the sheer variety of shapes and forms that human societies can take

Special mentions

These books are the ones I return to most frequently, be it as a starting point for further research or as a direct reference

• The Lifeways of Hunter Gatherers, by Robert L. Kelly - Kelly's work is always a pleasure to read and this book is perhaps one of most comprehensive books on the subject, with copious references for further research
• Advanced economics, 5th edition, by David Romer - a pretty standard textbook for economics, very much recommended
• Atmospheric and Oceanic Fluid dynamics: Fundamentals and Large-Scale Circulation, by Geoffrey K. Vallis - another classic in its field, goes through both the theory and the practice of computational climate modelling  

Demography

• An Essay Concerning Mankind's Demographic Evolution, by J. N. Biraben (1980)
• The Lifeways of Hunter Gatherers, by Robert L. Kelly
• Spatiotemporal distribution of the North American Indigenous population prior to European contact, by Robert L. Kelly et al
• The Nganasan: Wild Reindeer Hunters of the Taimyr Peninsula, by Chester S. Chard
• Serpent in Eden: Dispersal of Foreign Diseases Into Pre-Mission California, by William Preston (1996)
• Historic and bioarcheological evidence supports late onset of post-Columbian epidemics in Native California, by Terry L. Jones et al
• Earth system impacts of the European arrival and Great Dying in the Americas after 1492, by Alexander Koch et al
• Eastern North American Population at CA. A.D. 1500, by Georgie R. Milner and George Chaplin
• A global dynamic model for the neolithic transition, by Kai W. Wirtz and Carsten Lemmen
• Cultural and natural areas of native North America, by A. L. Kroeber (1939)
• The Human Crop, by Edward S. Deevey, Jr. (1956)
• Historical Estimates of World Population: An Evaluation, by John D. Durand (1977)
• Demographic Archeology, by Fekri A. Hassan
• Global hunter-gatherer population densities constrained by influence of seasonality on diet composition, by Dan Zhu et al
• Hunter-Gatherer Economic Complexity and "Population Pressure": A Cross-Cultural Analysis, by Lawrence H. Keeley (1988)
• Julian Huxley on Population and Human Destiny, by Julian Huxley
• A Concise History of World Population, by Massimo Livi-Bacci (2017)
• English medieval population: reconciling time series and cross sectional evidence, by S. Broadberry et al (2010)
• Portents of Plague from California's Protohistoric Period, by William L. Preston
• Size and Distribution of the Population in Late Bronze Age Messania Some Statistical Approaches, by Joan Carothers and William A. McDonald
• How Many Sumerians per Hectare? - Proving the Anatomy of an Early City, by Nicholas Postgate
• Their Number Become Thinned - Native American population dynamics in eastern North America, by Henry F. Dobyns
• The Names and Locations of Historic Chumash Villages, by Chester King and Thomas Blackburn
• Estimates of Upper Palaeolithic meta-population size in Europe  from archaeological data, by Jean-Pierre Bocquet-Appel et al
• World Population Estimates Interpolated and Averaged, by Scott Manning

Economics

• Advanced economics, 5th edition, by David Romer
• Productivity of pre-modern agriculture in the Cucuteni-Trypillia area, by A. Shukurov et al
• The Great Divergence in European Wages and Prices from the Middle Ages to the First World War, by Robert C. Allen
• Are tariffs bad for growth? Yes, say five decades of data from 150 countries, by Davide Furceri et al
• The prehistoric and preiundustrial deforestation of Europe, by Jed O. Kaplan et al
• From Convergence to Divergence: Portuguese Economic Growth, 1527-1850, by Nuno Palma and Jaime Reis
• The Size of the Economy and the Distribution of Income in the Roman Empire, by Walter Scheidel and Steven J. Friesen
• The Columbian Exchange: A History of Diseases, Food, and Ideas, by Nathan Nunn and Nancy Qian

Geology

• Microplate tectonics: A new tectonic paradigm, by Sanzhong Li et al
• De Re Metallica, by Georgius Agricola (1556) - the oldest book on the list as of mid 2026, very insightful when it comes to the level of contemporary knowledge!

Climate

• Vertical Coordinate Formulations for Atmospheric Models, by Christoph Schar
• Vertical Differencing of the Primitive Equations in Sigma Coordinates, by Akio Arakawa and Max J. Suarez
• ExoPlaSim: Extending the Planet Simulator for Exoplanets, by Adiv Paradise et al (2022)
• The Planet Simulator: Towards a user friendly model, by Klaus Fraedrich et al
• qgs: A flexible Python framework of reduced-order multiscale climate models, by Jonathan Demaeyer et al
• Multi-decadal pacemaker simulations with an intermediate-complexity climate model, by Franco Molteni et al
• Atmospheric simulations using a GCM with simplified physical parametrizations. I: model climatology and variability in multi-decadal experiments, by Franco Molteni
• Atmospheric and Oceanic Fluid dynamics: Fundamentals and Large-Scale Circulation, by Geoffrey K. Vallis

Hi! Sorry, not yet. There isn't any single obvious format for this type of data so I've been putting it off until I get an idea of how to handle it :<

Not yet, sory! Global temperature anomalies like that will be available in the next update

Hi!

I have been experimenting with adding support for multiple planets in the last few weeks. Not sure if it's going to get delivered or if I'll cut the attempt short but it is something I am looking into ^^

That being said, keeping the physical scale 1:1 (which is what I assume you meant by "going from macro to micro scale" is something I'm deeply interested in. Gleba's long term goal (besides giving me a fun hobby after work!) is delivering something akin to a first person RPG. I've written a little about it here: https://calandiel.itch.io/gleba/devlog/1122695/devlog-1-the-start-of-a-new-adven...

Sorry, it's not open source. I'd like to keep the option to eventually release Gleba on Steam as a commercial game. I also don't currently have the time to manage development of an open source project :<

Hi! Possibly, I haven't given it much thought yet ^^

I released a new patch today that should fix the issue of particles being misaligned with with the surface on planets with a radius smaller than Earths

Hi! Thank you for bringing it up. I managed to reproduce the issue, I'll fix it in the next patch ^-^

Hi!

Currently the climate parameters are rather rudimentary - making a realistic climate simulation with the computational budget I've allowed myself for it is already difficult enough when you limit yourself just to Earth. I do plan to eventually let the user control properties of the star to some extent but at the moment it isn't possible as I want to make sure that what we already have is good enough ^-^

Not yet, sorry! I'll look into it again but last time I attempted this, I concluded I'd need a Mac myself to get the whole build pipeline to work and I don't have access to one

Gleba generates reasonable realistic planets by default, but if you want more control over the layout of landmasses and placement of mountains, you may want to use the crustmap and platemap imports.

This thread is a very short tutorial for beginners describing how to get started.  Let us know if you run into any issues!

1. Make a black and white image (say, 1000 by 500) pixels where white pixels are continental crust and black ones are oceanic crust

Here's an example:

One important thing to keep in mind is that the map represents *continental crust*. Not coastlines, or landmasses. As such it shouldn't contain volcanic island arcs or hotspot island, but *should* include shallow parts of the continental shelf that would otherwise be underwater.

If you want the generated world's coastlines to adhere more closely to the crustmap, you can try lowering "sea level increase since LGM" (last glacial maximum).

2. Save the image as a png

3. Make an image of tectonic plates, with each plate represented by a single unique color. You can choose any colors you want, as long as you stick to the rule that a single plate gets a single (unique) color.

Here's an example:

It is *essential* that each plate gets *exactly* a single, unique color. You need to make sure that edges between plates have no aliasing, smoothing, or any other brush effects that some image editing software add automatically.

Here's an example of a correctly formed boundary between two plates:

If your map fails to load, it is very likely because you didn't ensure these crisp, sharp, pixel perfect plate boundaries. Each unique shade of color gets interpreted as a different plate so if your brush is smooth, each individual pixel on the boundary would get interpreted as a tiny 1 pixel large plate, which is almost certainly not what you want.

4. You can also (but dont need to) specify movement direction of plates by placing black (rgb of 0, 0, 0) and white (rgb of 255, 255, 255) dots on them.  The plate will move in the direction from the black dot to the white dot.

Here's an example:

The size of the dot doesn't  matter as long as they are fully surrounded by a single plate. To ensure correct behavior, place no more than a single pair of dots per plate. You should also prefer placing them closely, as to avoid possibly counterintuitive consequences of the curvature of Earth. The exact speed of the movement depends on the distance between dots *relative* to all other distances between dots. As such, there's no reason to place them very far apart.

5. Save the image as a png

6. Load the platemap and the crustmap in Gleba, using the buttons in the menu with world parameter sliders

And that's about it! Gleba will now generate a world roughly in the shape that the files prescribe.

Now, here's a list of common issues you may run into:

1. If you don't get orogenies or other plate boundary features, you need to make sure that the boundaries of the crust align with the boundaries of the plates. Gleba checks for boundary types (such as continental collisions) only within the immediate vicinity of the boundary. Do not try to manually move crust back to account for flexural forces of the collision. Place the crust along the boundary of the plate and let Gleba do it for you.

On Windows, Gleba saves map exports to: 

AppData\Roaming\Godot\app_userdata\gleba\user_data\cache<br><br>

You can also find it via:

%APPDATA%\godot\app_userdata\gleba\user_data\cache

iirc, a global forest ^^' And a completely different result from Gleba

Hi! I was hoping to keep this thread free of questions and just for game ideas, but to answer, click on a tile on the map, and then on the magnifying glass icon on the tile inspector. Keep in mind however that the 3d mode is very much under development and more in a tech demo stage ^-^

Sorry for the confusion, it's nothing that complicated ^-^

In this context, world topology is just the shape of the graph of tiles and their neighborhoods.

Basically, my algorithms work more or less the same regardless of whether tiles are hexagons with 6 neighbors each, squares with 4 neighbors, squares with 8 neighbors, an irregular voronoi graph, or something even more exotic.

Hi!

I started this project a year or so ago, but the vast majority of it was in various experiments and what I would call "engine work". Not going into technical details but this project is doing a lot of weird things that afaik not many other games do (like having most algorithms be world topology agnostic so that things like tile shape and neighborhoods can be easily swapped and compare with each other).

When it comes to "simulation" coding, I spent around a month and a half on it, after which I spent a month and a half working on 3d rendering. first person control, game physics, and UI.

The current goal is to get more feedback on world generation algorithms and incorporate it while I work on combat and spawning animals in the 3d world. In an ideal world there'll be a tiny open world rpg tech demo by the end of the year and after that I'll be working on procedural generation of societies, settlements, and dialogue.

Hi Pedro, long time no see! Good to see you're still around ^-^

I'll do my best to make it as fun as I can

For all your idea sharing needs!

Most of it has been open source for over a year: https://github.com/Calandiel/SongsOfFOSS
The parts that aren't are in the process of being ported to an open source license.

I think there's some misconception here. SotE 's funding ran out but the game is still under development by the community. We open sourced it under the GPL license ( https://github.com/Calandiel/SongsOfGPL )

It takes 1-3 minutes to generate a planet with your high performance computer precisely because the planet generation system isn't bad (in the sense of accuracy). SotE runs a tectonic simulation, calculates fluxes of magma heat, runs multiple climate simulations at different timescales, runs erosion simulations, figures out watersheds and lake placements by running a physical simulation of water movement and drainage, generates soils using a physically based bedrock erosion model while also coupling it to the water movement simulation, generates glaciers along with their movements, runs a plant growth simulation and so on.

And that's just a short summary, each of these steps is much more detailed than just doing the simplest thing possible (to give an example, if you pay close attention to oceanic plates youll see that as they get older they get denser, leading to deeper oceans on average at one edge of the plate)

Calculating all of that is a *ton* of work and that's why world gen takes a long time. 1-3 minutes sounds about right. On my laptop it used to take 5-7 minutes to run full world generation.

As for the game, assuming you're talking about the version from itchio, there isn't any. At that point in development it was only a world generator.

Source for all of the above: I coded around half of SotE if measured by lines of code. 

Well, I don't check on itch io often but I am here now. If you're still around, we can chat ^^

It's a Goldberg polyhedra

What do you find "bad" about SotE? To my information it's the most accurate planet simulation you can run on a consumer device, provided you have 8 GB of RAM (which is more than normal, it was benchmarked against median computers as per Steams hardware survey: https://store.steampowered.com/hwsurvey )

Splendid! I send you an email, let's discuss everything there ^^

Hello! ^^

I'm not sure what would be the best way to reach out as I don't use Twitter so I'll try my luck here.

I want to ask, do you take commissions? I've noticed you have a Patreon account but I'd be interested in having a bunch of old school textures made. I've been using your texture packs for prototyping and I've come to like them so much I'd actually prefer using them for the final product. Only problem being, they don't cover everything I'd need.

If you do take commissions, do you perhaps have an email address for business related queries? I'd like to know the rate and discuss some other details. For example, I would prefer if any textures I'd potentially ask for were made publicly available like your other texture packs. Not sure if that'd work with you.

Best regards,

Calandiel

OwO

Ah. I haven't had a chance to test the game on any kind of multi monitor setup (I work on it on a laptop). If you're on our Discord server, could you send me a DM? I'd send you a recent version of an in-development build, I'm curious if the issue persists in the latest iterations of the game.

Interesting. It's the first time this was reported. I wonder if it's perhaps the Unity version 0.2 was using slowly getting outdated. Thanks for the report, I'll look into fixing it for 0.3

I'm not sure if it's referring to some of the latest videos by Solitarian showcasing our 3d world renderer, but if it is, Demian told me to remove it for the foreseeable future.

While cultural "evolution" is more or less necessary to accomplish our goals, biological evolution isn't planned. At best there will be a sort of tech tree for various plant cultivars or breeds of domesticated animals but I doubt that's what you meant.

It's a video game so I highly doubt that will ever be a thing. Simulating all imaginable planets isn't a goal for us.

Sorr, it likely will never be supported. Changing the world size would make the climate model hopelessly inaccurate.

It's a false positive. You'd need to add the launcher to a list of exceptions.

The launcher is open source if you'd like to read what it's doing before adding it as an exception: https://github.com/Calandiel/sote_launcher/blob/main/loader.c

in 0.2, w/s/a/d + mouse wheel

Could you provide more information? What version of the game is it exactly? When does the error happen? Right after double clicking the exe? Does it render the launcher or the main menu at all? What's your operating system? Have you tried running it again to see if it's a persistent issue? Most versions of SotE (including the latest 0.2) have two executables in their zip file. You have to use the one with Launcher in name. Additionally, on some systems, it may ask for administrative privileges, on others it may require them but fail to ask.

I'm not sure how that'd work.

I looked at geojson on wikipedia:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GeoJSON

and it seems to be a data format for storing lines, polygons and points on a globe.

What exactly are you expecting from such feature?

They'll be re-enabled in the next update -- the way they worked wouldn't fit 0.3 because it'll only contain the stone age