Sorry about that but thanks for investigating and posting your findings. There was another player a while back running into similar issues with libstdc++ on ArchLinux, who was also able to get the game running using LD_PRELOAD, so I think that's the best workaround for this.
I think the real issue though is that I'm compiling the game on Linux Mint, which will bake in certain assumptions about system libraries that won't necessarily hold on other distros, and I'm not really sure how to avoid that besides making different builds on every distro I want to support (which is a pain).
And I assumed that since Mint is based on Ubuntu, and Ubuntu is sort of(?) based on Debian, I could at least assume those three would work but perhaps not - I'll remove "Debian" from the download link and sorry again that it didn't work.