Could be you need more space, you need more free space than the size of the game for it to install. If you had the game installed already you can try doing a fresh install. You need to back up your saves first though. Saves files are located: android/data/altosandherdone.theheadmaster/files/saves. You’ll need to use an android file manager of some kind and move them to another folder then move them back after doing a clean install.
0.10 beta? It is more than 2Gb apk, so probably your device cant operate with such a big file, depands on your RAM (I have 4Gb RAM and everything is ok for me).
My old device had such error very often, so Im absolutely sure about this problem :D
P.S. The only thing that I can recommend in this situation is to use Joiplay emulator if you have enough space. You will need to download PC vervion and to install Joiplay with renpy plugin from google store.
Hmm... Then I can suggest that apk has been damaged during download or, also, it can happen if you are trying to install it on top of already installed older version. But I cant say for sure. If there is no problem with free space or RAM and even not damaged apk, then I do not have any ideas, because usualy everything must be ok in such situation.