Hmm, I have no idea and it's the first time I head about this problem. Did you manage to install previous versions of Tiled?
To avoid the installer, you could go to the Build Packages workflow on GitHub, click on the latest successful build and download the "Tiled-win64" (without .msi suffix), which is a ZIP file rather than an installer.
If you already have a version of Tiled installed, you could also try to uninstall it first.