Played trough five frames and I did start to get the hang of it the further I played. My general strategy was to first go vertically and try to target Jupiter while randomly getting some inner planets. Then depending on the situation I would snipe the furthest planets by following the side or try the middle again if I missed. The overlaid starmap helped with this quite a bit, especially so after I was able to estimate how much the planets would usually move before being hit. My best overall frame was 84, but my best individual throw was 50 (followed by 11 and 0 in the same frame...).
It was quite hard to judge how much the asteroid would move horizontally during its travel based on the angle, so I ended up shooting mostly vertical shots. Some parts of the game could use a speed up in my opinion to take some of the waiting away from it.