You're supposed to be able to propel yourself upwards by vomiting while in midair, but I've recently discovered that it doesn't work on every device I've tried. I've got no idea why: the character flips face-down so the game obviously recognises that input, but on one (older) laptop it just doesn't apply any upwards force, as far as I can tell.
If this is the problem you're running into, I'm afraid I don't have a fix for it just yet. If you simply haven't tried vomiting while trying to cross that chasm, however, that's the way to do it.
Puke-platforms would definitely be a neat addition. I really would like to expand this someday: the other possibility I considered was spinning some kind of waterwheel to move elements of the level around.