Haha - yeah, I've had it freeze up on me after barfing too long as well. Currently the game will delete vomit particles a certain distance off screen (which I hope will accommodate players simply holding the puke button as they run), but it's entirely possible to spew more in one place than the game can handle. The final level actually draws attention to the possibility, so it's not something I'd try and fix in this Nokia Jam game (though would be quite a priority for a more polished version of the same thing).
I made this using GDevelop and I'm not sure it offers any easy method of actually expanding the amount of memory available, but it might be possible to assign each vomit particle a number and then start deleting the earliest ones once a certain quantity is reached. It's very handy to know that it is actually hitting a specific limit, rather than simply growing unmanageable for the machine it's running on. How did you get that error from the console? It would be really useful for me to check in future.