The concept of showing different level elements depending on the selected color is interesting, but I don't think it works as it is right now. Once you're out of the tutorial levels where all the colors are explained, most of the time you end up going up to a point where you can't continue, then try all the colors until you find the right one. It's made even more of a pain by the inclusion of color combinations. Which also means the player has to remember 6 colors and what they do, which is not super easy for most people to keep in mind, even more so when you have to learn them all at the same time.
It could be made to work with more time, by teaching the colors one by one. But I think what I would do is keep only three colors, place clear indicators in the level of what color is needed to make the elements appears, and make levels where the player has to switch colors mid-jump.
I would take your game in a slightly different direction though, which might not be what you're looking for.