Numbers are just a way of representing how much there is of something, but you can also use other things like shapes or colors for that. Think of casino chips, some of them don't have numbers but people still can know how much they are betting based on their color.
About the incremental game, you can make the player "farm" triangles. Once he reaches 100 triangles show the player how they turn into a square. Once the player reaches 100 squares, they turn into a pentagon. I'm pretty sure I've played a game like this.
Same thing for the wood, just show the player how 100 normal woods turn into 1 silver wood, then gold, diamond, etc