I also never got to the later phases, even having read the devlog and knowing they were there. The game does not have enough engagement to keep me playing that long, and I'd not be surprised if many others felt the same. I don't always mention reading the devlogs in my comments, so maybe they did read it, but also didn't feel like playing longer. By the time I stopped I felt like I had a good feel for the game. Yes, I knew other things came later, but it was too far away and the core gameplay was clear. If you want people to play longer, then you need to make it more fun and engaging so people want to reach those later points. That requires listening to the feedback people give on what they think will make it better.
Getting comments like the one you mentioned is valuable feedback. In fact, I'd say that was pretty good feedback compared to some comments that would have just been the first sentence alone. You need to remember that you are not paying people to review your game. This is free labor. Nobody has to play or comment on your game, and are volunteerily doing so. Those who play are going to be different and offer different perspectives, as well as different amounts of detail. The comment you are saying is bad gave you both some things they liked and didn't like. If that is not good enough for your needs, then you may want to look at paying people for reviews.
If you get a lot of comments saying the same thing, then it tells you how people are viewing your game. You saying it is not the thing it looks like is not going to change people's minds. Everything about this game feels like an Asteroids clone. You seem to be taking this as a negative. I suggest taking a step back and looking at what you want out of this. If you are strongly against being seen as an Asteroids clone, then you need to make changes. I'd start with the graphics. Those scream classic Asteroids, right down to the shape of the ship, and will put players in that mindset from the start. The gameplay would also need to change to be less like Asteroids, but the look is the first thing that has to change if you want to distance yourself from Asteroids. If your only issue is that you feel the feedback is not what you want, then you may need to read back through what people are saying with an open mind. If a lot of people say the same thing, but it is not what you want, you may need to make changes to get your message across. The key is to listen to what people are saying and accept that they are different and will see things differently than you. You can't force them to see or do anything. If you don't like how your game is viewed, then you have to make changes to your game so others can see what you want them to see. Only by changing your game can you do this. If you don't want to make those changes, that is absolutely fine. It is your game, and you can make it how you want to. You will, however, have to accept that not everyone will view it as you do. If you put your game out there for others to play, and especially if you put it in jams asking for feedback, then people are going to give you their view on it, and those may not match your views or expectations.