I've found three ways to access this (minor spoilers, I suppose):
- Rarely, when you're knocked unconscious during sex
- Occasionally, when you lose against a nemesis (nemesis: get someone mad)
- Guaranteed, if you manage to catch some elusive credits near the fight club.
What I don't know is if that "look for trouble" button still does anything ever since random encounters were switched to the pawn system. Anyone know?