Thanks for the detailed specs and console output.
There have been some known issues with AMD GPUs when running Godot games. In many cases, this is fixed by updating the GPU driver, so please try updating your AMD graphics drivers and see if that resolves the issue.
As an alternative, you can also try turning off AMD FreeSync in the AMD driver settings.
If the problem still persists, please try running the game from the command line with MSAA disabled:
--rendering/anti_aliasing/quality/msaa=0
As a last suggestion, you can try forcing the OpenGL renderer:
--rendering-driver opengl3
Sorry for the inconvenience, and thank you for taking the time to report this and test the suggestions.