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when I jumped onto a floating platform above me, I got bugged and couldn't jump. 

Sometimes when you are on the floor the ground detector does not always work. Personally, in Unity instead of void OnCollisionEnter2D(Collider2D other) I prefer something more like this:

    [Header("Layers")]
    public LayerMask groundLayer; //the layer u are using for the ground
    private bool isGrounded;
    void HandleCollisions()
    {
        Vector2 position = new Vector2(transform.position.x, transform.position.y - 0.18f); //collider position
        isGrounded = Physics2D.OverlapCircle(position, 0.2f, groundLayer); //ground detection
    }

then you will see if you are on the ground with isGrounded like:

if (jumpInput && isGrounded)
{
}

I don't know if you are using oncollisionenter2d but i hope that helps u^^