That looks the same. You can't tell who removed it. Only that there is a hole in your collection. Took me a while to figure out that most of those are developers that delete their game and make a new page with the same game. But if it was not updated for long, that sounds like some other reason for removal. Though I also saw devs that would remove a prototype and upload a new project with the finished game.
Oh and yeah, I saw malware on Itch that lived for two years. And stolen games for over half a year. https://itch.io/t/3512426/itch-is-not-a-safe-place-do-not-download-things
If you remember last time you visited the page and your browser's history from that time still exists, maybe you can look there for clues.