Resolved! Disabling full screen in the settings (Which are confusingly not located in the Celeste folder...) fixes the tearing, despite not making it a windowed window!
periish
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The position of the visible chunks also changes. I have "Triplebuffer" and "TearFree" enabled in my Xorg.conf for my intel iGPU.
The transparency is due to my camera not being fast enough to catch individual tears in the window. I don't have a compositor enabled, so transparency wouldn't make sense.
Enabling a compositor causes the tearing to stop, but the flashing remains. The compositor reports these errors while Celeste is running:
error 3: BadWindow (invalid Window parameter) request 2 minor 0 serial 87112
error 3: BadWindow (invalid Window parameter) request 20 minor 0 serial 87113
error 3: BadWindow (invalid Window parameter) request 2 minor 0 serial 87114
error 3: BadWindow (invalid Window parameter) request 20 minor 0 serial 87115
error 3: BadWindow (invalid Window parameter) request 2 minor 0 serial 206317
error 3: BadWindow (invalid Window parameter) request 20 minor 0 serial 206318
Picom gives more descriptive errors:
[ 04/12/21 14:38:19.265 x_create_picture_with_pictfmt_and_pixmap ERROR ] failed to create picture (X error 9 DRAWABLE request 138 minor 4 serial 2346)
[ 04/12/21 14:38:19.265 paint_one ERROR ] Window 0x00600014 is missing painting data.
[ 04/12/21 14:38:21.384 x_create_picture_with_pictfmt_and_pixmap ERROR ] failed to create picture (X error 9 DRAWABLE request 138 minor 4 serial 12077)
[ 04/12/21 14:38:21.385 paint_one ERROR ] Window 0x0060005d is missing painting data.
Other OpenGL apps, such as GLXGears, work fine.
This is an example of the kind of graphical distortion I get. Apologies for the pictures of the screen as opposed to a screenshot ; the window consumes all my inputs, and does nothing with them.
I'd typically say this is a GPU issue, but other games have no issues with my GPU driver ; and this looks to be more of an issue with interacting with the windowing system - GPU glitches don't result in half transparent windows across the screen, in my experience.

