I have gotten this same error in a different place! During the "Sorrow and Regret" fight, using the latest version (from Steam, today); Windows 11.
This has happened with two different locations of this fight (with the latter only happening after I skipped around the first). Both times, the Regret was below half HP. It didn't seem like any particular effect was loading. I didn't see what was up precisely the first time, but the other one just happened when I was navigating my battle menu.
When I replayed both fights, this glitch didn't happen. However, it later happened with Misery. Was not low HP. When I reloaded, the same enemy was S&R, and there was no glitch that time.
Basically... it seems like it's randomly happening during fights with this particular caliber of enemy, but I don't see a much pattern beyond that. However, now that I'm saving very frequently, I've been able to get through okay.
I'll update if I notice any specific pattern or anything; let me know if you need more info about my specs and whatnot. Thanks!