I do not know of any game like that. Something like that is one of currently two choices for my next project in a month or two.
But to kill some time until such a game comes out, I can recommend you films like ‘Interstellar’, ‘The Martian’ (though it is only Mars) and a few others. Or just read through Wikipedia about Exoplanets or even about our solar system’s planets and moons. Same goes for such articles on NASA or ESA websites. I also remember some series about exploring a new world but usually they remind me too much of earth with a few aliens added.
I hope that helps a bit for a while.