A raider Swordsmen popped out of a city after I conquered it. Yep.
I just attacked it; it was invisible on the battlefield. I forgot to check if the invisibility was a spell.
This probably needs more details. There appears to be a bug where dead raider units stay on the map, and continue to move and "attack", although once on the battlefield, they do nothing, do not have a visible sprite, and have zero HP. They can still be detected with mouse-over, and the auto-battler fights them as normal. However, only melee attacks dispatch them from the battlemap. This does not remove them from play.
The same bug occurred today, in a local game this time; the first time I conquered a neutral city. My units killed two cavalry and a swordsmen. The next turn, they moved out of the city, and then back in. On the battlefield, they had no visible sprite, and zero HP. After killing those units again, they moved out of the city...
Could it be a difference in Go runtime? It's happened in 4/4 of the last games I played, one of which was here. I'm using the Go runtime from winget; I don't know if the version here on Itch.io uses the local Go install, or a self-contained one. It does generally take a while to show up; I fought a few dozen raiders before these latest two decided to glitch. Also they are a cavalry and a swordsmen, but that's probably not related. Those are very common units.
perhaps check for and delete units with zero HP each turn as a quick fix?
It seems like three different instances of this bug so far, then: