The apprenticeship system is generally used in the construction trades (carpenter, plumber, electrician, etc). You go through an apprenticeship for a few years (combination of schooling and on-the-job training) until you qualify to be a journeyman. Pre-apprentice is a relatively newer rank (like, I didn't hear anything about it ten years ago, but now everyone's doing it), where you're not in the apprenticeship program yet but they still let you do some work at a lower wage, to get some experience.
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It depends on where you are
It can last from 4 weeks to 2 years
My program in Germany is about 1 year and most of those programs that are common are Metal &hood Workshops ,home economics,gardening and paint(and varnish) but other many more do exist too
And Yeah, it’s an internship. I go to one of those programs for about six weeks each, and then I switch to the next one, and then again. I have to go to at least three different workplaces. If you do well enough, you can either start your apprenticeship there or move on to another company.