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⟟⌇⍀⏃⟒⌰ ☌⏃⋉⏃ ⍙⏃⍀: ⊑⟟⌇⏁⍜⍀⊬ ⍜⎎ ⏁⊑⟒ ☊⍜⋏⎎⌰⟟☊⏁ ⟒⌖⌿⌰⏃⟟⋏⟒⎅

⌿⎍⏚⌰⟟⌇⊑⟒⎅

⏑  ⎅⏃⊬⌇ ⏃☌⍜

⌇⊑⏃⍀⟒

⍀⟒⌰⏃⏁⟒⎅ ⏁⍜⌿⟟☊⌇

⟟⌇⍀⏃⟒⌰-☌⏃⋉⏃ ⍙⏃⍀

⏃ ⌿⍀⍜-⌿⏃⌰⟒⌇⏁⟟⋏⟟⏃⋏ ⍙⍜⋔⏃⋏ ⏃⋏⎅ ⏃ ⌿⍀⍜-⟟⌇⍀⏃⟒⌰⟟ ⋔⏃⋏ ⌇⊑⍜⎍⏁⟟⋏☌ ⏃⏁ ⟒⏃☊⊑ ⍜⏁⊑⟒⍀

⟟⋔⏃☌⟒ ⌇⍜⎍⍀☊⟒,☌⟒⏁⏁⊬ ⟟⋔⏃☌⟒⌇

⏁⊑⟒ ⌿⏃⌰⟒⌇⏁⟟⋏⟟⏃⋏ ⋔⟟⌰⟟⏁⏃⋏⏁ ☌⍀⍜⎍⌿ ⊑⏃⋔⏃⌇ ⌰⏃⎍⋏☊⊑⟒⎅ ⏃⋏ ⎍⋏⌿⍀⟒☊⟒⎅⟒⋏⏁⟒⎅ ⏃⌇⌇⏃⎍⌰⏁ ⍜⋏ ⟟⌇⍀⏃⟒⌰ ⍜⋏ ⏓ ⍜☊⏁⍜⏚⟒⍀, ⍙⟟⏁⊑ ⊑⎍⋏⎅⍀⟒⎅⌇ ⍜⎎ ☌⎍⋏⋔⟒⋏ ⟟⋏⎎⟟⌰⏁⍀⏃⏁⟟⋏☌ ☊⍜⋔⋔⎍⋏⟟⏁⟟⟒⌇ ⋏⟒⏃⍀ ⏁⊑⟒ ☌⏃⋉⏃ ⌇⏁⍀⟟⌿.

⋔⍜⍀⟒ ⏁⊑⏃⋏ ⚌,400 ⟟⌇⍀⏃⟒⌰⟟⌇ ⍙⟒⍀⟒ ☍⟟⌰⌰⟒⎅, ⍙⊑⟟⌰⟒ ⏁⊑⟒ ⟟⌇⍀⏃⟒⌰⟟ ⋔⟟⌰⟟⏁⏃⍀⊬ ⌇⏃⊬⌇ 230 ⌇⍜⌰⎅⟟⟒⍀⌇ ⏃⋏⎅ ☊⟟⎐⟟⌰⟟⏃⋏⌇, ⟟⋏☊⌰⎍⎅⟟⋏☌ ⍙⍜⋔⟒⋏ ⏃⋏⎅ ☊⊑⟟⌰⎅⍀⟒⋏, ⍙⟒⍀⟒ ⏁⏃☍⟒⋏ ⏁⍜ ☌⏃⋉⏃ ⏃⌇ ⊑⍜⌇⏁⏃☌⟒⌇.

⋔⍜⍀⟒ ⏁⊑⏃⋏ ⏕ ,000 ⌿⏃⌰⟒⌇⏁⟟⋏⟟⏃⋏⌇ ⟟⋏ ☌⏃⋉⏃ ⊑⏃⎐⟒ ⏚⟒⟒⋏ ☍⟟⌰⌰⟒⎅ ⟟⋏ ⏃⟟⍀ ⏃⋏⎅ ⏃⍀⏁⟟⌰⌰⟒⍀⊬ ⌇⏁⍀⟟☍⟒⌇ ☊⏃⍀⍀⟟⟒⎅ ⍜⎍⏁ ⏚⊬ ⏁⊑⟒ ⟟⌇⍀⏃⟒⌰⟟ ⋔⟟⌰⟟⏁⏃⍀⊬ ⟟⋏ ⍀⟒⌇⌿⍜⋏⌇⟒, ⏃☊☊⍜⍀⎅⟟⋏☌ ⏁⍜ ⏁⊑⟒ ⊑⏃⋔⏃⌇-⍀⎍⋏ ⊑⟒⏃⌰⏁⊑ ⋔⟟⋏⟟⌇⏁⍀⊬ ⟟⋏ ☌⏃⋉⏃.

⌰⟟⋏⟒

⋔⍜⍀⟒ ⍜⋏ ⟟⌇⍀⏃⟒⌰-☌⏃⋉⏃ ⍙⏃⍀

⎎⍜⌰⌰⍜⍙ ⌰⟟⎐⟒: ⌰⏃⏁⟒⌇⏁ ⎍⌿⎅⏃⏁⟒⌇

⎎⍀⍜⋔ ⟟⌇⍀⏃⟒⌰: ⌿⏃⟟⋏ ⌇⏁⟟⌰⌰ ⍀⏃⍙ ⏃ ⋔⍜⋏⏁⊑ ⏃⎎⏁⟒⍀ ⊑⏃⋔⏃⌇ ⏃⏁⏁⏃☊☍⌇

⍙⏃⏁☊⊑: ⏁⊑⟒ ⎅⟒⎐⏃⌇⏁⏃⏁⟟⋏☌ ⟒⎎⎎⟒☊⏁⌇ ⍜⎎ ⍙⏃⍀ ⍜⋏ ☌⏃⋉⏃'⌇ ☊⊑⟟⌰⎅⍀⟒⋏

⟒⌖⌿⌰⏃⟟⋏⟒⎅: ⍙⊑⍜ ⏃⍀⟒ ⏁⊑⟒ ⊑⍜⌇⏁⏃☌⟒⌇ ⏁⏃☍⟒⋏ ⏚⊬ ⊑⏃⋔⏃⌇ ⎎⍀⍜⋔ ⟟⌇⍀⏃⟒⌰?

⌰⟟⋏⟒

⍙⊑⏃⏁ ⍙⏃⌇ ⟟⌇⍀⏃⟒⌰ ⏚⟒⎎⍜⍀⟒ 1948?

⏚⍀⟟⏁⏃⟟⋏ ⏁⍜⍜☍ ☊⍜⋏⏁⍀⍜⌰ ⍜⎎ ⏁⊑⟒ ⏃⍀⟒⏃ ☍⋏⍜⍙⋏ ⏃⌇ ⌿⏃⌰⟒⌇⏁⟟⋏⟒ ⎎⍜⌰⌰⍜⍙⟟⋏☌ ⏁⊑⟒ ⎅⟒⎎⟒⏃⏁ ⍜⎎ ⏁⊑⟒ ⍜⏁⏁⍜⋔⏃⋏ ⟒⋔⌿⟟⍀⟒, ⍙⊑⟟☊⊑ ⍀⎍⌰⟒⎅ ⏁⊑⏃⏁ ⌿⏃⍀⏁ ⍜⎎ ⏁⊑⟒ ⋔⟟⎅⎅⌰⟒ ⟒⏃⌇⏁, ⟟⋏ ⍙⍜⍀⌰⎅ ⍙⏃⍀ ⍜⋏⟒.

⏁⊑⟒ ⌰⏃⋏⎅ ⍙⏃⌇ ⟟⋏⊑⏃⏚⟟⏁⟒⎅ ⏚⊬ ⏃ ⟊⟒⍙⟟⌇⊑ ⋔⟟⋏⍜⍀⟟⏁⊬ ⏃⋏⎅ ⏃⍀⏃⏚ ⋔⏃⟊⍜⍀⟟⏁⊬, ⏃⌇ ⍙⟒⌰⌰ ⏃⌇ ⍜⏁⊑⟒⍀, ⌇⋔⏃⌰⌰⟒⍀ ⟒⏁⊑⋏⟟☊ ☌⍀⍜⎍⌿⌇.

⏁⟒⋏⌇⟟⍜⋏⌇ ⏚⟒⏁⍙⟒⟒⋏ ⏁⊑⟒ ⏁⍙⍜ ⌿⟒⍜⌿⌰⟒⌇ ☌⍀⟒⍙ ⍙⊑⟒⋏ ⏁⊑⟒ ⟟⋏⏁⟒⍀⋏⏃⏁⟟⍜⋏⏃⌰ ☊⍜⋔⋔⎍⋏⟟⏁⊬ ☌⏃⎐⟒ ⏁⊑⟒ ⎍☍ ⏁⊑⟒ ⏁⏃⌇☍ ⍜⎎ ⟒⌇⏁⏃⏚⌰⟟⌇⊑⟟⋏☌ ⏃ "⋏⏃⏁⟟⍜⋏⏃⌰ ⊑⍜⋔⟒" ⟟⋏ ⌿⏃⌰⟒⌇⏁⟟⋏⟒ ⎎⍜⍀ ⟊⟒⍙⟟⌇⊑ ⌿⟒⍜⌿⌰⟒.

⏁⊑⟟⌇ ⌇⏁⟒⋔⋔⟒⎅ ⎎⍀⍜⋔ ⏁⊑⟒ ⏚⏃⌰⎎⍜⎍⍀ ⎅⟒☊⌰⏃⍀⏃⏁⟟⍜⋏ ⍜⎎ 1917, ⏃ ⌿⌰⟒⎅☌⟒ ⋔⏃⎅⟒ ⏚⊬ ⏁⊑⟒⋏ ⎎⍜⍀⟒⟟☌⋏ ⌇⟒☊⍀⟒⏁⏃⍀⊬ ⏃⍀⏁⊑⎍⍀ ⏚⏃⌰⎎⍜⎍⍀ ⏁⍜ ⏚⍀⟟⏁⏃⟟⋏'⌇ ⟊⟒⍙⟟⌇⊑ ☊⍜⋔⋔⎍⋏⟟⏁⊬.

⏁⊑⟒ ⎅⟒☊⌰⏃⍀⏃⏁⟟⍜⋏ ⍙⏃⌇ ⟒⋏⌇⊑⍀⟟⋏⟒⎅ ⟟⋏ ⏁⊑⟒ ⏚⍀⟟⏁⟟⌇⊑ ⋔⏃⋏⎅⏃⏁⟒ ⍜⎐⟒⍀ ⌿⏃⌰⟒⌇⏁⟟⋏⟒ ⏃⋏⎅ ⟒⋏⎅⍜⍀⌇⟒⎅ ⏚⊬ ⏁⊑⟒ ⋏⟒⍙⌰⊬-☊⍀⟒⏃⏁⟒⎅ ⌰⟒⏃☌⎍⟒ ⍜⎎ ⋏⏃⏁⟟⍜⋏⌇ - ⎎⍜⍀⟒⍀⎍⋏⋏⟒⍀ ⍜⎎ ⏁⊑⟒ ⎍⋏⟟⏁⟒⎅ ⋏⏃⏁⟟⍜⋏⌇ - ⟟⋏ 1922.

⏁⍜ ⟊⟒⍙⌇ ⌿⏃⌰⟒⌇⏁⟟⋏⟒ ⍙⏃⌇ ⏁⊑⟒⟟⍀ ⏃⋏☊⟒⌇⏁⍀⏃⌰ ⊑⍜⋔⟒, ⏚⎍⏁ ⌿⏃⌰⟒⌇⏁⟟⋏⟟⏃⋏ ⏃⍀⏃⏚⌇ ⏃⌰⌇⍜ ☊⌰⏃⟟⋔⟒⎅ ⏁⊑⟒ ⌰⏃⋏⎅ ⏃⋏⎅ ⍜⌿⌿⍜⌇⟒⎅ ⏁⊑⟒ ⋔⍜⎐⟒.

⊑⏃☌⏃⋏⏃⊑ (⟊⟒⍙⟟⌇⊑ ⎍⋏⎅⟒⍀☌⍀⍜⎍⋏⎅) ⎎⟟☌⊑⏁⟒⍀ ⟊⎍⌇⏁ ⏚⟒⎎⍜⍀⟒ ⏁⊑⟒ ⌇⏁⏃⍀⏁ ⍜⎎ ⏁⊑⟒ ⟟⌇⍀⏃⟒⌰⟟ ⍙⏃⍀ ⍜⎎ ⟟⋏⎅⟒⌿⟒⋏⎅⟒⋏☊⟒ 1948, ⍙⟒⏃⍀⟟⋏☌ ⏃ ⊑⏃⏁ ⏃⋏⎅ ☌⌰⏃⌇⌇⟒⌇, ⌿⍜⟟⋏⏁⟟⋏☌ ⏃ ☌⎍⋏

⟟⋔⏃☌⟒ ⌇⍜⎍⍀☊⟒,☌⟒⏁⏁⊬ ⟟⋔⏃☌⟒⌇

⟟⋔⏃☌⟒ ☊⏃⌿⏁⟟⍜⋏,

⏃ ⊑⏃☌⏃⋏⏃⊑ (⟊⟒⍙⟟⌇⊑ ⎍⋏⎅⟒⍀☌⍀⍜⎍⋏⎅) ⎎⟟☌⊑⏁⟒⍀ ⟊⎍⌇⏁ ⏚⟒⎎⍜⍀⟒ ⏁⊑⟒ ⌇⏁⏃⍀⏁ ⍜⎎ ⏁⊑⟒ ⟟⌇⍀⏃⟒⌰⟟ ⍙⏃⍀ ⍜⎎ ⟟⋏⎅⟒⌿⟒⋏⎅⟒⋏☊⟒ 1948

⏚⟒⏁⍙⟒⟒⋏ ⏁⊑⟒ 1920⌇ ⏃⋏⎅ 1940⌇, ⏁⊑⟒ ⋏⎍⋔⏚⟒⍀ ⍜⎎ ⟊⟒⍙⌇ ⏃⍀⍀⟟⎐⟟⋏☌ ⏁⊑⟒⍀⟒ ☌⍀⟒⍙, ⍙⟟⏁⊑ ⋔⏃⋏⊬ ⎎⌰⟒⟒⟟⋏☌ ⎎⍀⍜⋔ ⌿⟒⍀⌇⟒☊⎍⏁⟟⍜⋏ ⟟⋏ ⟒⎍⍀⍜⌿⟒, ⟒⌇⌿⟒☊⟟⏃⌰⌰⊬ ⏁⊑⟒ ⋏⏃⋉⟟ ⊑⍜⌰⍜☊⏃⎍⌇⏁ ⟟⋏ ⍙⍜⍀⌰⎅ ⍙⏃⍀ ⏁⍙⍜.

⎐⟟⍜⌰⟒⋏☊⟒ ⏚⟒⏁⍙⟒⟒⋏ ⟊⟒⍙⌇ ⏃⋏⎅ ⏃⍀⏃⏚⌇, ⏃⋏⎅ ⏃☌⏃⟟⋏⌇⏁ ⏚⍀⟟⏁⟟⌇⊑ ⍀⎍⌰⟒, ⏃⌰⌇⍜ ⟟⋏☊⍀⟒⏃⌇⟒⎅.

⟟⋏ 1947, ⏁⊑⟒ ⎍⋏ ⎐⍜⏁⟒⎅ ⎎⍜⍀ ⌿⏃⌰⟒⌇⏁⟟⋏⟒ ⏁⍜ ⏚⟒ ⌇⌿⌰⟟⏁ ⟟⋏⏁⍜ ⌇⟒⌿⏃⍀⏃⏁⟒ ⟊⟒⍙⟟⌇⊑ ⏃⋏⎅ ⏃⍀⏃⏚ ⌇⏁⏃⏁⟒⌇, ⍙⟟⏁⊑ ⟊⟒⍀⎍⌇⏃⌰⟒⋔ ⏚⟒☊⍜⋔⟟⋏☌ ⏃⋏ ⟟⋏⏁⟒⍀⋏⏃⏁⟟⍜⋏⏃⌰ ☊⟟⏁⊬.

⏁⊑⏃⏁ ⌿⌰⏃⋏ ⍙⏃⌇ ⏃☊☊⟒⌿⏁⟒⎅ ⏚⊬ ⟊⟒⍙⟟⌇⊑ ⌰⟒⏃⎅⟒⍀⌇ ⏚⎍⏁ ⍀⟒⟊⟒☊⏁⟒⎅ ⏚⊬ ⏁⊑⟒ ⏃⍀⏃⏚ ⌇⟟⎅⟒ ⏃⋏⎅ ⋏⟒⎐⟒⍀ ⟟⋔⌿⌰⟒⋔⟒⋏⏁⟒⎅.

⏁⊑⟒ ⌇⍜⌰⎅⟟⟒⍀⌇ ⍜⎎ ⏃⌰⌰⟟⟒⎅ ⏃⍀⏃⏚ ⌰⟒☌⟟⍜⋏ ⎎⍜⍀☊⟒⌇ ⎎⟟⍀⟒, 06 ⋔⏃⍀☊⊑ 1948 ⎎⍀⍜⋔ ⟒⏃⌇⏁ ⌇⟒☊⏁⍜⍀ ⍜⎎ ⟊⟒⍀⎍⌇⏃⌰⟒⋔ ⍜⋏ ⟊⟒⍙⟟⌇⊑ ⎎⟟☌⊑⏁⟒⍀⌇ ⍜⎎ ⏁⊑⟒ ⊑⏃☌⏃⋏⏃⊑, ⏁⊑⟒ ⟊⟒⍙⟟⌇⊑ ⏃☌⟒⋏☊⊬ ⌇⟒⌰⎎-⎅⟒⎎⟒⋏☊⟒ ⎎⍜⍀☊⟒, ⏚⏃⌇⟒⎅ ⟟⋏ ⟊⟒⋔⟟⋏ ⋔⍜⌇⊑⟒ ⍾⎍⏃⍀⏁⟒⍀ ⍜⎎ ⏁⊑⟒ ⍙⟒⌇⏁ ⌇⟒☊⏁⍜⍀ ⍜⎎ ⏁⊑⟒ ☊⟟⏁⊬ ⎅⎍⍀⟟⋏☌ ⎅⎍⍀⟟⋏☌ ⏁⊑⟒ ⎎⟟⍀⌇⏁ ⏃⍀⏃⏚-⟊⟒⍙⟟⌇⊑ ☊⍜⋏⎎⌰⟟☊⏁.

 ⟟⋔⏃☌⟒ ⌇⍜⎍⍀☊⟒,☌⟒⏁⏁⊬ ⟟⋔⏃☌⟒⌇

⟟⋔⏃☌⟒ ☊⏃⌿⏁⟟⍜⋏,

⏁⊑⟒ ⌇⍜⌰⎅⟟⟒⍀⌇ ⍜⎎ ⏃⌰⌰⟟⟒⎅ ⏃⍀⏃⏚ ⌰⟒☌⟟⍜⋏ ⎎⍜⍀☊⟒⌇ ⎎⟟⍀⟒ ⍜⋏ ⎎⟟☌⊑⏁⟒⍀⌇ ⍜⎎ ⏁⊑⟒ ⊑⏃☌⏃⋏⏃⊑, ⏁⊑⟒ ⟊⟒⍙⟟⌇⊑ ⏃☌⟒⋏☊⊬ ⌇⟒⌰⎎-⎅⟒⎎⟒⋏☊⟒ ⎎⍜⍀☊⟒, ⟟⋏ ⋔⏃⍀☊⊑ 1948

⊑⍜⍙ ⏃⋏⎅ ⍙⊑⊬ ⍙⏃⌇ ⟟⌇⍀⏃⟒⌰ ☊⍀⟒⏃⏁⟒⎅?

⟟⋏ 1948, ⎍⋏⏃⏚⌰⟒ ⏁⍜ ⌇⍜⌰⎐⟒ ⏁⊑⟒ ⌿⍀⍜⏚⌰⟒⋔, ⏚⍀⟟⏁⏃⟟⋏ ⍙⟟⏁⊑⎅⍀⟒⍙ ⏃⋏⎅ ⟊⟒⍙⟟⌇⊑ ⌰⟒⏃⎅⟒⍀⌇ ⎅⟒☊⌰⏃⍀⟒⎅ ⏁⊑⟒ ☊⍀⟒⏃⏁⟟⍜⋏ ⍜⎎ ⏁⊑⟒ ⌇⏁⏃⏁⟒ ⍜⎎ ⟟⌇⍀⏃⟒⌰.

⟟⏁ ⍙⏃⌇ ⟟⋏⏁⟒⋏⎅⟒⎅ ⏁⍜ ⏚⟒ ⏃ ⌇⏃⎎⟒ ⊑⏃⎐⟒⋏ ⎎⍜⍀ ⟊⟒⍙⌇ ⎎⌰⟒⟒⟟⋏☌ ⌿⟒⍀⌇⟒☊⎍⏁⟟⍜⋏, ⏃⌇ ⍙⟒⌰⌰ ⏃⌇ ⏃ ⋏⏃⏁⟟⍜⋏⏃⌰ ⊑⍜⋔⟒⌰⏃⋏⎅ ⎎⍜⍀ ⟊⟒⍙⌇.

⎎⟟☌⊑⏁⟟⋏☌ ⏚⟒⏁⍙⟒⟒⋏ ⟊⟒⍙⟟⌇⊑ ⏃⋏⎅ ⏃⍀⏃⏚ ⋔⟟⌰⟟⏁⟟⏃⌇ ⊑⏃⎅ ⏚⟒⟒⋏ ⟟⋏⏁⟒⋏⌇⟟⎎⊬⟟⋏☌ ⎎⍜⍀ ⋔⍜⋏⏁⊑⌇, ⏃⋏⎅ ⏁⊑⟒ ⎅⏃⊬ ⏃⎎⏁⟒⍀ ⟟⌇⍀⏃⟒⌰ ⎅⟒☊⌰⏃⍀⟒⎅ ⌇⏁⏃⏁⟒⊑⍜⍜⎅, ⎎⟟⎐⟒ ⏃⍀⏃⏚ ☊⍜⎍⋏⏁⍀⟟⟒⌇ ⏃⏁⏁⏃☊☍⟒⎅.

⋔⏃⌿ ⌇⊑⍜⍙⟟⋏☌ ⏁⊑⟒ 1949 ⏃⍀⋔⟟⌇⏁⟟☊⟒ ⌰⟟⋏⟒⌇

⌿⍀⟒⌇⟒⋏⏁⏃⏁⟟⍜⋏⏃⌰ ⍙⊑⟟⏁⟒ ⌇⌿⏃☊⟒

⊑⎍⋏⎅⍀⟒⎅⌇ ⍜⎎ ⏁⊑⍜⎍⌇⏃⋏⎅⌇ ⍜⎎ ⌿⏃⌰⟒⌇⏁⟟⋏⟟⏃⋏⌇ ⎎⌰⟒⎅ ⍜⍀ ⍙⟒⍀⟒ ⎎⍜⍀☊⟒⎅ ⍜⎍⏁ ⍜⎎ ⏁⊑⟒⟟⍀ ⊑⍜⋔⟒⌇ ⟟⋏ ⍙⊑⏃⏁ ⏁⊑⟒⊬ ☊⏃⌰⌰ ⏃⌰ ⋏⏃☍⏚⏃, ⍜⍀ ⏁⊑⟒ "☊⏃⏁⏃⌇⏁⍀⍜⌿⊑⟒"

⏚⊬ ⏁⊑⟒ ⏁⟟⋔⟒ ⏁⊑⟒ ⎎⟟☌⊑⏁⟟⋏☌ ⟒⋏⎅⟒⎅ ⟟⋏ ⏃ ☊⟒⏃⌇⟒⎎⟟⍀⟒ ⏁⊑⟒ ⎎⍜⌰⌰⍜⍙⟟⋏☌ ⊬⟒⏃⍀, ⟟⌇⍀⏃⟒⌰ ☊⍜⋏⏁⍀⍜⌰⌰⟒⎅ ⋔⍜⌇⏁ ⍜⎎ ⏁⊑⟒ ⏁⟒⍀⍀⟟⏁⍜⍀⊬.

☊⍀⍜⍙⎅ ⍜⎎ ⌿⟒⍜⌿⌰⟒ ⍜⋏ ⟟⌇⍀⏃⟒⌰⟟ ⎎⌰⏃☌☌⟒⏁⏁⊬ ⟟⋔⏃☌⟒⌇

⟟⌇⍀⏃⟒⌰

⏕.⏔ ⋔⟟⌰⌰⟟⍜⋏

⌿⍜⌿⎍⌰⏃⏁⟟⍜⋏

73.⏒ %⟊⟒⍙⌇

21.⚌%⏃⍀⏃⏚⌇

⏑.⚎%⍜⏁⊑⟒⍀

⌇⍜⎍⍀☊⟒: ⟟⌇⍀⏃⟒⌰ ☊⟒⋏⏁⍀⏃⌰ ⏚⎍⍀⟒⏃⎍ ⍜⎎ ⌇⏁⏃⏁⟟⌇⏁⟟☊⌇

⟊⍜⍀⎅⏃⋏ ⍜☊☊⎍⌿⟟⟒⎅ ⌰⏃⋏⎅ ⍙⊑⟟☊⊑ ⏚⟒☊⏃⋔⟒ ☍⋏⍜⍙⋏ ⏃⌇ ⏁⊑⟒ ⍙⟒⌇⏁ ⏚⏃⋏☍, ⏃⋏⎅ ⟒☌⊬⌿⏁ ⍜☊☊⎍⌿⟟⟒⎅ ☌⏃⋉⏃.

⟊⟒⍀⎍⌇⏃⌰⟒⋔ ⍙⏃⌇ ⎅⟟⎐⟟⎅⟒⎅ ⏚⟒⏁⍙⟒⟒⋏ ⟟⌇⍀⏃⟒⌰⟟ ⎎⍜⍀☊⟒⌇ ⟟⋏ ⏁⊑⟒ ⍙⟒⌇⏁, ⏃⋏⎅ ⟊⍜⍀⎅⏃⋏⟟⏃⋏ ⎎⍜⍀☊⟒⌇ ⟟⋏ ⏁⊑⟒ ⟒⏃⌇⏁.

⏚⟒☊⏃⎍⌇⟒ ⏁⊑⟒⍀⟒ ⍙⏃⌇ ⋏⟒⎐⟒⍀ ⏃ ⌿⟒⏃☊⟒ ⏃☌⍀⟒⟒⋔⟒⋏⏁ ⏁⊑⟒⍀⟒ ⍙⟒⍀⟒ ⋔⍜⍀⟒ ⍙⏃⍀⌇ ⏃⋏⎅ ⎎⟟☌⊑⏁⟟⋏☌ ⟟⋏ ⏁⊑⟒ ⎎⍜⌰⌰⍜⍙⟟⋏☌ ⎅⟒☊⏃⎅⟒⌇.

⟟⌇⍀⏃⟒⌰'⌇ ⏚⍜⍀⎅⟒⍀⌇ ⟒⌖⌿⌰⏃⟟⋏⟒⎅ ⟟⋏ ⋔⏃⌿⌇

⏁⊑⟒ ⋔⏃⌿ ⍜⎎ ⟟⌇⍀⏃⟒⌰

⋔⏃⌿ ⌇⊑⍜⍙⟟⋏☌ ⟟⌇⍀⏃⟒⌰'⌇ ⏚⍜⎍⋏⎅⏃⍀⟟⟒⌇ ⏁⍜⎅⏃⊬ ⏃⋏⎅ ⌿⏃⌰⟒⌇⏁⟟⋏⟟⏃⋏ ⏁⟒⍀⍀⟟⏁⍜⍀⟟⟒⌇

⌿⍀⟒⌇⟒⋏⏁⏃⏁⟟⍜⋏⏃⌰ ⍙⊑⟟⏁⟒ ⌇⌿⏃☊⟒

⟟⋏ ⏃ ⍙⏃⍀ ⟟⋏ 1967, ⟟⌇⍀⏃⟒⌰ ⍜☊☊⎍⌿⟟⟒⎅ ⟒⏃⌇⏁ ⟊⟒⍀⎍⌇⏃⌰⟒⋔ ⏃⋏⎅ ⏁⊑⟒ ⍙⟒⌇⏁ ⏚⏃⋏☍, ⏃⌇ ⍙⟒⌰⌰ ⏃⌇ ⋔⍜⌇⏁ ⍜⎎ ⏁⊑⟒ ⌇⊬⍀⟟⏃⋏ ☌⍜⌰⏃⋏ ⊑⟒⟟☌⊑⏁⌇, ☌⏃⋉⏃ ⏃⋏⎅ ⏁⊑⟒ ⟒☌⊬⌿⏁⟟⏃⋏ ⌇⟟⋏⏃⟟ ⌿⟒⋏⟟⋏⌇⎍⌰⏃.

⋔⍜⌇⏁ ⌿⏃⌰⟒⌇⏁⟟⋏⟟⏃⋏ ⍀⟒⎎⎍☌⟒⟒⌇ ⏃⋏⎅ ⏁⊑⟒⟟⍀ ⎅⟒⌇☊⟒⋏⎅⏃⋏⏁⌇ ⌰⟟⎐⟒ ⟟⋏ ☌⏃⋉⏃ ⏃⋏⎅ ⏁⊑⟒ ⍙⟒⌇⏁ ⏚⏃⋏☍, ⏃⌇ ⍙⟒⌰⌰ ⏃⌇ ⟟⋏ ⋏⟒⟟☌⊑⏚⍜⎍⍀⟟⋏☌ ⟊⍜⍀⎅⏃⋏, ⌇⊬⍀⟟⏃ ⏃⋏⎅ ⌰⟒⏚⏃⋏⍜⋏.

⋏⟒⟟⏁⊑⟒⍀ ⏁⊑⟒⊬ ⋏⍜⍀ ⏁⊑⟒⟟⍀ ⎅⟒⌇☊⟒⋏⎅⏃⋏⏁⌇ ⊑⏃⎐⟒ ⏚⟒⟒⋏ ⏃⌰⌰⍜⍙⟒⎅ ⏚⊬ ⟟⌇⍀⏃⟒⌰ ⏁⍜ ⍀⟒⏁⎍⍀⋏ ⏁⍜ ⏁⊑⟒⟟⍀ ⊑⍜⋔⟒⌇ - ⟟⌇⍀⏃⟒⌰ ⌇⏃⊬⌇ ⏁⊑⟟⌇ ⍙⍜⎍⌰⎅ ⍜⎐⟒⍀⍙⊑⟒⌰⋔ ⏁⊑⟒ ☊⍜⎍⋏⏁⍀⊬ ⏃⋏⎅ ⏁⊑⍀⟒⏃⏁⟒⋏ ⟟⏁⌇ ⟒⌖⟟⌇⏁⟒⋏☊⟒ ⏃⌇ ⏃ ⟊⟒⍙⟟⌇⊑ ⌇⏁⏃⏁⟒.

⟟⌇⍀⏃⟒⌰⟟ ⋔⟟⌰⟟⏁⏃⍀⊬ ☊⍜⋔⋔⏃⋏⎅⟒⍀⌇ ⏃⍀⍀⟟⎐⟒ ⟟⋏ ⟒⏃⌇⏁ ⟊⟒⍀⎍⌇⏃⌰⟒⋔, ⏃⎎⏁⟒⍀ ⟟⌇⍀⏃⟒⌰⟟ ⎎⍜⍀☊⟒⌇ ⌇⟒⟟⋉⟒⎅ ⟒⏃⌇⏁ ⟊⟒⍀⎍⌇⏃⌰⟒⋔, ⎅⎍⍀⟟⋏☌ ⏁⊑⟒ ⌇⟟⌖ ⎅⏃⊬ ⍙⏃⍀ 1967

⟟⋔⏃☌⟒ ⌇⍜⎍⍀☊⟒,☌⟒⏁⏁⊬ ⟟⋔⏃☌⟒⌇

⟟⋔⏃☌⟒ ☊⏃⌿⏁⟟⍜⋏,

⟟⌇⍀⏃⟒⌰⟟ ⋔⟟⌰⟟⏁⏃⍀⊬ ☊⍜⋔⋔⏃⋏⎅⟒⍀⌇ ⏃⍀⍀⟟⎐⟒ ⟟⋏ ⟒⏃⌇⏁ ⟊⟒⍀⎍⌇⏃⌰⟒⋔ ⎅⎍⍀⟟⋏☌ ⏁⊑⟒ ⌇⟟⌖ ⎅⏃⊬ ⍙⏃⍀ ⟟⋏ 1967

⟟⌇⍀⏃⟒⌰ ⌇⏁⟟⌰⌰ ⍜☊☊⎍⌿⟟⟒⌇ ⏁⊑⟒ ⍙⟒⌇⏁ ⏚⏃⋏☍ ⏃⋏⎅ ☊⌰⏃⟟⋔⌇ ⏁⊑⟒ ⍙⊑⍜⌰⟒ ⍜⎎ ⟊⟒⍀⎍⌇⏃⌰⟒⋔ ⏃⌇ ⟟⏁⌇ ☊⏃⌿⟟⏁⏃⌰, ⍙⊑⟟⌰⟒ ⏁⊑⟒ ⌿⏃⌰⟒⌇⏁⟟⋏⟟⏃⋏⌇ ☊⌰⏃⟟⋔ ⟒⏃⌇⏁ ⟊⟒⍀⎍⌇⏃⌰⟒⋔ ⏃⌇ ⏁⊑⟒ ☊⏃⌿⟟⏁⏃⌰ ⍜⎎ ⏃ ⊑⍜⌿⟒⎅-⎎⍜⍀ ⎎⎍⏁⎍⍀⟒ ⌿⏃⌰⟒⌇⏁⟟⋏⟟⏃⋏ ⌇⏁⏃⏁⟒. ⏁⊑⟒ ⎍⌇ ⟟⌇ ⍜⋏⟒ ⍜⎎ ⍜⋏⌰⊬ ⏃ ⊑⏃⋏⎅⎎⎍⌰ ⍜⎎ ☊⍜⎍⋏⏁⍀⟟⟒⌇ ⏁⍜ ⍀⟒☊⍜☌⋏⟟⌇⟒ ⏁⊑⟒ ☊⟟⏁⊬ ⏃⌇ ⟟⌇⍀⏃⟒⌰'⌇ ☊⏃⌿⟟⏁⏃⌰.

⟟⋏ ⏁⊑⟒ ⌿⏃⌇⏁ ⊙ ⊬⟒⏃⍀⌇ ⟟⌇⍀⏃⟒⌰ ⊑⏃⌇ ⏚⎍⟟⌰⏁ ⌇⟒⏁⏁⌰⟒⋔⟒⋏⏁⌇ ⟟⋏ ⏁⊑⟒ ⍙⟒⌇⏁ ⏚⏃⋏☍ ⏃⋏⎅ ⟒⏃⌇⏁ ⟊⟒⍀⎍⌇⏃⌰⟒⋔, ⍙⊑⟒⍀⟒ ⋔⍜⍀⟒ ⏁⊑⏃⋏ 700,000 ⟊⟒⍙⌇ ⋏⍜⍙ ⌰⟟⎐⟒.

⌇⟒⏁⏁⌰⟒⋔⟒⋏⏁⌇ ⏃⍀⟒ ⊑⟒⌰⎅ ⏁⍜ ⏚⟒ ⟟⌰⌰⟒☌⏃⌰ ⎍⋏⎅⟒⍀ ⟟⋏⏁⟒⍀⋏⏃⏁⟟⍜⋏⏃⌰ ⌰⏃⍙ - ⏁⊑⏃⏁ ⟟⌇ ⏁⊑⟒ ⌿⍜⌇⟟⏁⟟⍜⋏ ⍜⎎ ⏁⊑⟒ ⎍⋏ ⌇⟒☊⎍⍀⟟⏁⊬ ☊⍜⎍⋏☊⟟⌰ ⏃⋏⎅ ⏁⊑⟒ ⎍☍ ☌⍜⎐⟒⍀⋏⋔⟒⋏⏁, ⏃⋔⍜⋏☌ ⍜⏁⊑⟒⍀⌇ - ⏃⌰⏁⊑⍜⎍☌⊑ ⟟⌇⍀⏃⟒⌰ ⍀⟒⟊⟒☊⏁⌇ ⏁⊑⟟⌇.

⍙⊑⟒⍀⟒ ⎅⍜ ⌿⏃⌰⟒⌇⏁⟟⋏⟟⏃⋏⌇ ⌰⟟⎐⟒?

⌿⍀⍜-⌿⏃⌰⟒⌇⏁⟟⋏⟟⏃⋏ ⎅⟒⋔⍜⋏⌇⏁⍀⏃⏁⟟⍜⋏ ⟟⋏ ⟊⍜⍀⎅⏃⋏'⌇ ☊⏃⌿⟟⏁⏃⌰ ⏃⋔⋔⏃⋏☌⟒⏁⏁⊬ ⟟⋔⏃☌⟒⌇

⌿⏃⌰⟒⌇⏁⟟⋏⟟⏃⋏⌇

14.⚎ ⋔⟟⌰⌰⟟⍜⋏

⏁⍜⏁⏃⌰ ⌿⍜⌿⎍⌰⏃⏁⟟⍜⋏

⍙⟒⌇⏁ ⏚⏃⋏☍3 ⋔⟟⌰⌰⟟⍜⋏

☌⏃⋉⏃ ⌇⏁⍀⟟⌿2 ⋔⟟⌰⌰⟟⍜⋏

⟊⍜⍀⎅⏃⋏2 ⋔⟟⌰⌰⟟⍜⋏

⟟⌇⍀⏃⟒⌰2 ⋔⟟⌰⌰⟟⍜⋏

⌇⊬⍀⟟⏃0.⏑  ⋔⟟⌰⌰⟟⍜⋏

⌇⍜⎍⍀☊⟒: ⌿⏃⌰⟒⌇⏁⟟⋏⟟⏃⋏ ☊⟒⋏⏁⍀⏃⌰ ⏚⎍⍀⟒⏃⎍ ⍜⎎ ⌇⏁⏃⏁⟟⌇⏁⟟☊⌇

⍙⊑⏃⏁ ⟟⌇ ⏁⊑⟒ ☌⏃⋉⏃ ⌇⏁⍀⟟⌿?

☌⏃⋉⏃ ⟟⌇ ⏃ ⋏⏃⍀⍀⍜⍙ ⌇⏁⍀⟟⌿ ⍜⎎ ⌰⏃⋏⎅ ⌇⏃⋏⎅⍙⟟☊⊑⟒⎅ ⏚⟒⏁⍙⟒⟒⋏ ⟟⌇⍀⏃⟒⌰ ⏃⋏⎅ ⏁⊑⟒ ⋔⟒⎅⟟⏁⟒⍀⍀⏃⋏⟒⏃⋏ ⌇⟒⏃, ⏚⎍⏁ ⍙⟟⏁⊑ ⏃ ⌇⊑⍜⍀⏁ ⌇⍜⎍⏁⊑⟒⍀⋏ ⏚⍜⍀⎅⟒⍀ ⍙⟟⏁⊑ ⟒☌⊬⌿⏁.

⟊⎍⌇⏁ 41☍⋔ (25 ⋔⟟⌰⟒⌇) ⌰⍜⋏☌ ⏃⋏⎅ 10☍⋔ ⍙⟟⎅⟒, ⟟⏁ ⊑⏃⌇ ⋔⍜⍀⟒ ⏁⊑⏃⋏ ⏁⍙⍜ ⋔⟟⌰⌰⟟⍜⋏ ⟟⋏⊑⏃⏚⟟⏁⏃⋏⏁⌇ ⏃⋏⎅ ⟟⌇ ⍜⋏⟒ ⍜⎎ ⏁⊑⟒ ⋔⍜⌇⏁ ⎅⟒⋏⌇⟒⌰⊬ ⌿⍜⌿⎍⌰⏃⏁⟒⎅ ⌿⌰⏃☊⟒⌇ ⍜⋏ ⟒⏃⍀⏁⊑.

⟟⋏ ⏁⊑⟒ ⍙⏃☍⟒ ⍜⎎ ⏁⊑⟒ 1948-49 ⍙⏃⍀, ☌⏃⋉⏃ ⍙⏃⌇ ⍜☊☊⎍⌿⟟⟒⎅ ⏚⊬ ⟒☌⊬⌿⏁ ⎎⍜⍀ 19 ⊬⟒⏃⍀⌇.

⟟⌇⍀⏃⟒⌰ ⍜☊☊⎍⌿⟟⟒⎅ ☌⏃⋉⏃ ⟟⋏ ⏁⊑⟒ 1967 ⍙⏃⍀ ⏃⋏⎅ ⌇⏁⏃⊬⟒⎅ ⎍⋏⏁⟟⌰ 2005, ⎅⎍⍀⟟⋏☌ ⏁⊑⏃⏁ ⏁⟟⋔⟒ ⏚⎍⟟⌰⎅⟟⋏☌ ⟊⟒⍙⟟⌇⊑ ⌇⟒⏁⏁⌰⟒⋔⟒⋏⏁⌇.

⟟⌇⍀⏃⟒⌰ ⍙⟟⏁⊑⎅⍀⟒⍙ ⟟⏁⌇ ⏁⍀⍜⍜⌿⌇ ⏃⋏⎅ ⌇⟒⏁⏁⌰⟒⍀⌇ ⟟⋏ 2005, ⏁⊑⍜⎍☌⊑ ⟟⏁ ⍀⟒⏁⏃⟟⋏⟒⎅ ☊⍜⋏⏁⍀⍜⌰ ⍜⎐⟒⍀ ⟟⏁⌇ ⏃⟟⍀⌇⌿⏃☊⟒, ⌇⊑⏃⍀⟒⎅ ⏚⍜⍀⎅⟒⍀ ⏃⋏⎅ ⌇⊑⍜⍀⟒⌰⟟⋏⟒. ⏁⊑⟒ ⎍⋏ ⌇⏁⟟⌰⌰ ☊⍜⋏⌇⟟⎅⟒⍀⌇ ⏁⊑⟒ ⏁⟒⍀⍀⟟⏁⍜⍀⊬ ⏁⍜ ⏚⟒ ⍜☊☊⎍⌿⟟⟒⎅ ⏚⊬ ⟟⌇⍀⏃⟒⌰.

⍙⊑⟒⍀⟒ ⟟⌇ ⏁⊑⟒ ☌⏃⋉⏃ ⌇⏁⍀⟟⌿?

⋔⏃⌿ ⍜⎎ ☌⏃⋉⏃, ⌇⊑⍜⍙⟟⋏☌ ⎍⍀⏚⏃⋏ ⏃⍀⟒⏃⌇, ⍀⟒⎎⎍☌⟒⟒ ☊⏃⋔⌿⌇ ⏃⋏⎅ ⏚⍜⍀⎅⟒⍀ ☊⍀⍜⌇⌇⟟⋏☌ ⏚⟒⏁⍙⟒⟒⋏ ☌⏃⋉⏃, ⟟⌇⍀⏃⟒⌰ ⏃⋏⎅ ⟒☌⊬⌿⏁.

 ☌⏃⋉⏃ ⌇⏁⍀⟟⌿ ⟟⋏ ⋔⏃⌿⌇: ⍙⊑⏃⏁ ⟟⏁'⌇ ⌰⟟☍⟒ ⎎⍜⍀ ⏁⊑⟒ ⌿⟒⍜⌿⌰⟒ ⍙⊑⍜ ⌰⟟⎐⟒ ⏁⊑⟒⍀⟒

⍙⊑⏃⏁ ⏃⍀⟒ ⏁⊑⟒ ⋔⏃⟟⋏ ⌿⍀⍜⏚⌰⟒⋔⌇ ⏚⟒⏁⍙⟒⟒⋏ ⟟⌇⍀⏃⟒⌰⟟⌇ ⏃⋏⎅ ⌿⏃⌰⟒⌇⏁⟟⋏⟟⏃⋏⌇?

⏁⊑⟒⍀⟒ ⏃⍀⟒ ⏃ ⋏⎍⋔⏚⟒⍀ ⍜⎎ ⟟⌇⌇⎍⟒⌇ ⍙⊑⟟☊⊑ ⏁⊑⟒ ⏁⍙⍜ ⌇⟟⎅⟒⌇ ☊⏃⋏⋏⍜⏁ ⏃☌⍀⟒⟒ ⍜⋏.

⏁⊑⟒⌇⟒ ⟟⋏☊⌰⎍⎅⟒:

⍙⊑⏃⏁ ⌇⊑⍜⎍⌰⎅ ⊑⏃⌿⌿⟒⋏ ⏁⍜ ⌿⏃⌰⟒⌇⏁⟟⋏⟟⏃⋏ ⍀⟒⎎⎍☌⟒⟒⌇

⍙⊑⟒⏁⊑⟒⍀ ⟊⟒⍙⟟⌇⊑ ⌇⟒⏁⏁⌰⟒⋔⟒⋏⏁⌇ ⟟⋏ ⏁⊑⟒ ⍜☊☊⎍⌿⟟⟒⎅ ⍙⟒⌇⏁ ⏚⏃⋏☍ ⌇⊑⍜⎍⌰⎅ ⌇⏁⏃⊬ ⍜⍀ ⏚⟒ ⍀⟒⋔⍜⎐⟒⎅

⍙⊑⟒⏁⊑⟒⍀ ⏁⊑⟒ ⏁⍙⍜ ⌇⟟⎅⟒⌇ ⌇⊑⍜⎍⌰⎅ ⌇⊑⏃⍀⟒ ⟊⟒⍀⎍⌇⏃⌰⟒⋔

⏃⋏⎅ - ⌿⟒⍀⊑⏃⌿⌇ ⋔⍜⌇⏁ ⏁⍀⟟☊☍⊬ ⍜⎎ ⏃⌰⌰ - ⍙⊑⟒⏁⊑⟒⍀ ⏃ ⌿⏃⌰⟒⌇⏁⟟⋏⟟⏃⋏ ⌇⏁⏃⏁⟒ ⌇⊑⍜⎍⌰⎅ ⏚⟒ ☊⍀⟒⏃⏁⟒⎅ ⏃⌰⍜⋏☌⌇⟟⎅⟒ ⟟⌇⍀⏃⟒⌰

⍙⊑⏃⏁ ⟒⎎⎎⍜⍀⏁⌇ ⊑⏃⎐⟒ ⏚⟒⟒⋏ ⋔⏃⎅⟒ ⏁⍜ ⍀⟒⌇⍜⌰⎐⟒ ⏁⊑⟒⌇⟒ ⌿⍀⍜⏚⌰⟒⋔⌇?

⟟⌇⍀⏃⟒⌰-⌿⏃⌰⟒⌇⏁⟟⋏⟟⏃⋏ ⌿⟒⏃☊⟒ ⏁⏃⌰☍⌇ ⍙⟒⍀⟒ ⊑⟒⌰⎅ ⍜⋏ ⏃⋏⎅ ⍜⎎⎎ ⏚⟒⏁⍙⟒⟒⋏ ⏁⊑⟒ 1990⌇ ⏃⋏⎅ 2010⌇, ⟟⋏⏁⟒⍀⌇⌿⟒⍀⌇⟒⎅ ⍙⟟⏁⊑ ⍜⎍⏁⏚⍀⟒⏃☍⌇ ⍜⎎ ⎐⟟⍜⌰⟒⋏☊⟒.

⏃ ⋏⟒☌⍜⏁⟟⏃⏁⟒⎅ ⌿⟒⏃☊⟒ ⎅⟟⎅ ⌇⟒⟒⋔ ⌿⍜⌇⌇⟟⏚⌰⟒ ⟟⋏ ⏁⊑⟒ ⟒⏃⍀⌰⊬ ⎅⏃⊬⌇. ⏃ ⌇⟒⍀⟟⟒⌇ ⍜⎎ ⌇⟒☊⍀⟒⏁ ⏁⏃⌰☍⌇ ⟟⋏ ⋏⍜⍀⍙⏃⊬ ⏚⟒☊⏃⋔⟒ ⏁⊑⟒ ⍜⌇⌰⍜ ⌿⟒⏃☊⟒ ⌿⍀⍜☊⟒⌇⌇, ⎎⍜⍀⟒⎐⟒⍀ ⌇⊬⋔⏚⍜⌰⟟⌇⟒⎅ ⏚⊬ ⏃ ☊⟒⍀⟒⋔⍜⋏⊬ ⍜⋏ ⏁⊑⟒ ⍙⊑⟟⏁⟒ ⊑⍜⎍⌇⟒ ⌰⏃⍙⋏ ⟟⋏ 1993 ⌿⍀⟒⌇⟟⎅⟒⎅ ⍜⎐⟒⍀ ⏚⊬ ⌿⍀⟒⌇⟟⎅⟒⋏⏁ ⏚⟟⌰⌰ ☊⌰⟟⋏⏁⍜⋏.

⟟⋏ ⏃ ⊑⟟⌇⏁⍜⍀⟟☊ ⋔⍜⋔⟒⋏⏁, ⏁⊑⟒ ⌿⏃⌰⟒⌇⏁⟟⋏⟟⏃⋏⌇ ⍀⟒☊⍜☌⋏⟟⌇⟒⎅ ⏁⊑⟒ ⌇⏁⏃⏁⟒ ⍜⎎ ⟟⌇⍀⏃⟒⌰ ⏃⋏⎅ ⟟⌇⍀⏃⟒⌰ ⍀⟒☊⍜☌⋏⟟⌇⟒⎅ ⟟⏁⌇ ⊑⟟⌇⏁⍜⍀⟟☊⏃⌰ ⟒⋏⟒⋔⊬, ⏁⊑⟒ ⌿⏃⌰⟒⌇⏁⟟⋏⟒ ⌰⟟⏚⟒⍀⏃⏁⟟⍜⋏ ⍜⍀☌⏃⋏⟟⌇⏃⏁⟟⍜⋏ (⌿⌰⍜), ⏃⌇ ⏁⊑⟒ ⌇⍜⌰⟒ ⍀⟒⌿⍀⟒⌇⟒⋏⏁⏃⏁⟟⎐⟒ ⍜⎎ ⏁⊑⟒ ⌿⏃⌰⟒⌇⏁⟟⋏⟟⏃⋏ ⌿⟒⍜⌿⌰⟒. ⏃ ⌇⟒⌰⎎-☌⍜⎐⟒⍀⋏⟟⋏☌ ⌿⏃⌰⟒⌇⏁⟟⋏⟟⏃⋏ ⏃⎍⏁⊑⍜⍀⟟⏁⊬ ⍙⏃⌇ ⌇⟒⏁ ⎍⌿.

☊⍀⏃☊☍⌇ ⌇⍜⍜⋏ ⏃⌿⌿⟒⏃⍀⟒⎅, ⏁⊑⍜⎍☌⊑, ⍙⟟⏁⊑ ⏁⊑⟒⋏ ⍜⌿⌿⍜⌇⟟⏁⟟⍜⋏ ⌰⟒⏃⎅⟒⍀ ⏚⟒⋏⟊⏃⋔⟟⋏ ⋏⟒⏁⏃⋏⊬⏃⊑⎍ ☊⏃⌰⌰⟟⋏☌ ⍜⌇⌰⍜ ⏃ ⋔⍜⍀⏁⏃⌰ ⏁⊑⍀⟒⏃⏁ ⏁⍜ ⟟⌇⍀⏃⟒⌰. ⏁⊑⟒ ⟟⌇⍀⏃⟒⌰⟟⌇ ⏃☊☊⟒⌰⟒⍀⏃⏁⟒⎅ ⏁⊑⟒⟟⍀ ⌿⍀⍜⟊⟒☊⏁ ⏁⍜ ⌇⟒⏁⏁⌰⟒ ⟊⟒⍙⌇ ⟟⋏ ⏁⊑⟒ ⍜☊☊⎍⌿⟟⟒⎅ ⌿⏃⌰⟒⌇⏁⟟⋏⟟⏃⋏ ⏁⟒⍀⍀⟟⏁⍜⍀⟟⟒⌇. ⏁⊑⟒ ⍀⟒☊⟒⋏⏁⌰⊬ ⟒⋔⟒⍀☌⟒⎅ ⌿⏃⌰⟒⌇⏁⟟⋏⟟⏃⋏ ⋔⟟⌰⟟⏁⏃⋏⏁ ☌⍀⍜⎍⌿ ⊑⏃⋔⏃⌇ ⌇⟒⋏⏁ ⌇⎍⟟☊⟟⎅⟒ ⏚⍜⋔⏚⟒⍀⌇ ⏁⍜ ☍⟟⌰⌰ ⌿⟒⍜⌿⌰⟒ ⟟⋏ ⟟⌇⍀⏃⟒⌰ ⏃⋏⎅ ⍙⍀⟒☊☍ ⏁⊑⟒ ☊⊑⏃⋏☊⟒⌇ ⍜⎎ ⏃ ⎅⟒⏃⌰.

⊬⟟⏁⋉⊑⏃☍ ⍀⏃⏚⟟⋏ ⏃⋏⎅ ⊬⏃⌇⌇⟒⍀ ⏃⍀⏃⎎⏃⏁ ⌇⊑⏃☍⟒ ⊑⏃⋏⎅⌇ ⏃⌇ ⎍⌇ ⌿⍀⟒⌇⟟⎅⟒⋏⏁ ⏚⟟⌰⌰ ☊⌰⟟⋏⏁⍜⋏ ⌰⍜⍜☍⌇ ⍜⋏ - 1993 ⌿⟟☊⏁⎍⍀⟒

⟟⋔⏃☌⟒ ⌇⍜⎍⍀☊⟒,⍀⟒⎍⏁⟒⍀⌇

⟟⋔⏃☌⟒ ☊⏃⌿⏁⟟⍜⋏,

⌿⟒⏃☊⟒ ⌇⟒⟒⋔⟒⎅ ⌿⍜⌇⌇⟟⏚⌰⟒ ⟟⋏ ⏁⊑⟒ ⟒⏃⍀⌰⊬ 1990⌇ ⍙⊑⟒⋏ ⏁⊑⟒ ⍜⌇⌰⍜ ⏃☊☊⍜⍀⎅⌇ ⍙⟒⍀⟒ ⌇⟟☌⋏⟒⎅

⏁⊑⟒ ⏃⏁⋔⍜⌇⌿⊑⟒⍀⟒ ⟟⋏ ⟟⌇⍀⏃⟒⌰ ⏁⎍⍀⋏⟒⎅ ⎍☌⌰⊬, ☊⎍⌰⋔⟟⋏⏃⏁⟟⋏☌ ⟟⋏ ⟟⌇⍀⏃⟒⌰⟟ ⌿⍀⟟⋔⟒ ⋔⟟⋏⟟⌇⏁⟒⍀ ⊬⟟⏁⋉⊑⏃☍ ⍀⏃⏚⟟⋏'⌇ ⏃⌇⌇⏃⌇⌇⟟⋏⏃⏁⟟⍜⋏ ⏚⊬ ⏃ ⟊⟒⍙⟟⌇⊑ ⟒⌖⏁⍀⟒⋔⟟⌇⏁ ⍜⋏ ⚏  ⋏⍜⎐⟒⋔⏚⟒⍀ 1995.

⟟⋏ ⏁⊑⟒ 2000⌇ ⏃⏁⏁⟒⋔⌿⏁⌇ ⍙⟒⍀⟒ ⋔⏃⎅⟒ ⏁⍜ ⍀⟒⎐⟟⎐⟒ ⏁⊑⟒ ⌿⟒⏃☊⟒ ⌿⍀⍜☊⟒⌇⌇ - ⟟⋏☊⌰⎍⎅⟟⋏☌ ⟟⋏ 2003 ⍙⊑⟒⋏ ⏃ ⍀⍜⏃⎅⋔⏃⌿ ⍙⏃⌇ ⎅⟒⎐⟟⌇⟒⎅ ⏚⊬ ⍙⍜⍀⌰⎅ ⌿⍜⍙⟒⍀⌇ ⍙⟟⏁⊑ ⏁⊑⟒ ⎍⌰⏁⟟⋔⏃⏁⟒ ☌⍜⏃⌰ ⍜⎎ ⏃ ⏁⍙⍜-⌇⏁⏃⏁⟒ ⌇⍜⌰⎍⏁⟟⍜⋏, ⏚⎍⏁ ⏁⊑⟟⌇ ⍙⏃⌇ ⋏⟒⎐⟒⍀ ⟟⋔⌿⌰⟒⋔⟒⋏⏁⟒⎅.

⌿⟒⏃☊⟒ ⟒⎎⎎⍜⍀⏁⌇ ⎎⟟⋏⏃⌰⌰⊬ ⌇⏁⏃⌰⌰⟒⎅ ⟟⋏ 2014, ⍙⊑⟒⋏ ⏁⏃⌰☍⌇ ⎎⏃⟟⌰⟒⎅ ⏚⟒⏁⍙⟒⟒⋏ ⏁⊑⟒ ⟟⌇⍀⏃⟒⌰⟟⌇ ⏃⋏⎅ ⌿⏃⌰⟒⌇⏁⟟⋏⟟⏃⋏⌇ ⟟⋏ ⍙⏃⌇⊑⟟⋏☌⏁⍜⋏.

⏁⊑⟒ ⋔⍜⌇⏁ ⍀⟒☊⟒⋏⏁ ⌿⟒⏃☊⟒ ⌿⌰⏃⋏ - ⌿⍀⟒⌿⏃⍀⟒⎅ ⏚⊬ ⏁⊑⟒ ⎍⌇ ⍙⊑⟒⋏ ⎅⍜⋏⏃⌰⎅ ⏁⍀⎍⋔⌿ ⍙⏃⌇ ⌿⍀⟒⌇⟟⎅⟒⋏⏁ - ⍙⏃⌇ ☊⏃⌰⌰⟒⎅ "⏁⊑⟒ ⎅⟒⏃⌰ ⍜⎎ ⏁⊑⟒ ☊⟒⋏⏁⎍⍀⊬" ⏚⊬ ⌿⍀⟟⋔⟒ ⋔⟟⋏⟟⌇⏁⟒⍀ ⋏⟒⏁⏃⋏⊬⏃⊑⎍, ⏚⎍⏁ ⍙⏃⌇ ⎅⟟⌇⋔⟟⌇⌇⟒⎅ ⏚⊬ ⏁⊑⟒ ⌿⏃⌰⟒⌇⏁⟟⋏⟟⏃⋏⌇ ⏃⌇ ⍜⋏⟒-⌇⟟⎅⟒⎅ ⏃⋏⎅ ⋏⟒⎐⟒⍀ ☌⍜⏁ ⍜⎎⎎ ⏁⊑⟒ ☌⍀⍜⎍⋏⎅.

⍙⊑⊬ ⏃⍀⟒ ⟟⌇⍀⏃⟒⌰ ⏃⋏⎅ ☌⏃⋉⏃ ⏃⏁ ⍙⏃⍀ ⋏⍜⍙?

⟟⌇⍀⏃⟒⌰ ⎎⌰⏃☌⌇ ⎎⌰⊬⟟⋏☌ ⏃⋏⎅ ⏃ ⌿⏃⌰⟒⌇⏁⟟⋏⟟⏃⋏ ⌇☊⏃⍀⎎ ⍙⟟⏁⊑ "⌿⏃⌰⟒⌇⏁⟟⋏⟒" ⍙⍀⟟⏁⏁⟒⋏ ⍜⋏ ⟟⏁

⟟⋔⏃☌⟒ ⌇⍜⎍⍀☊⟒,☌⟒⏁⏁⊬ ⟟⋔⏃☌⟒⌇

☌⏃⋉⏃ ⟟⌇ ⍀⎍⌰⟒⎅ ⏚⊬ ⊑⏃⋔⏃⌇, ⏃⋏ ⟟⌇⌰⏃⋔⟟⌇⏁ ☌⍀⍜⎍⌿ ⍙⊑⟟☊⊑ ⟟⌇ ☊⍜⋔⋔⟟⏁⏁⟒⎅ ⏁⍜ ⏁⊑⟒ ⎅⟒⌇⏁⍀⎍☊⏁⟟⍜⋏ ⍜⎎ ⟟⌇⍀⏃⟒⌰ ⏃⋏⎅ ⟟⌇ ⎅⟒⌇⟟☌⋏⏃⏁⟒⎅ ⏃⌇ ⏃ ⏁⟒⍀⍀⍜⍀⟟⌇⏁ ☌⍀⍜⎍⌿ ⏚⊬ ⏁⊑⟒ ⎍☍ ⏃⋏⎅ ⋔⏃⋏⊬ ⍜⏁⊑⟒⍀ ☊⍜⎍⋏⏁⍀⟟⟒⌇.

⊑⏃⋔⏃⌇ ⍙⍜⋏ ⏁⊑⟒ ⌿⏃⌰⟒⌇⏁⟟⋏⟟⏃⋏⌇' ⌰⏃⌇⏁ ⟒⌰⟒☊⏁⟟⍜⋏⌇ ⟟⋏ 2006, ⏃⋏⎅ ⌇⟒⟟⋉⟒⎅ ☊⍜⋏⏁⍀⍜⌰ ⍜⎎ ☌⏃⋉⏃ ⏁⊑⟒ ⎎⍜⌰⌰⍜⍙⟟⋏☌ ⊬⟒⏃⍀ ⏚⊬ ⍜⎍⌇⏁⟟⋏☌ ⏁⊑⟒ ⍀⟟⎐⏃⌰ ⎎⏃⏁⏃⊑ ⋔⍜⎐⟒⋔⟒⋏⏁ ⍜⎎ ⍙⟒⌇⏁ ⏚⏃⋏☍-⏚⏃⌇⟒⎅ ⌿⍀⟒⌇⟟⎅⟒⋏⏁ ⋔⏃⊑⋔⍜⎍⎅ ⏃⏚⏚⏃⌇.

⌇⟟⋏☊⟒ ⏁⊑⟒⋏, ⋔⟟⌰⟟⏁⏃⋏⏁⌇ ⟟⋏ ☌⏃⋉⏃ ⊑⏃⎐⟒ ⎎⍜⎍☌⊑⏁ ⌇⟒⎐⟒⍀⏃⌰ ⍙⏃⍀⌇ ⍙⟟⏁⊑ ⟟⌇⍀⏃⟒⌰, ⍙⊑⟟☊⊑ ⏃⌰⍜⋏☌ ⍙⟟⏁⊑ ⟒☌⊬⌿⏁ ⊑⏃⌇ ⋔⏃⟟⋏⏁⏃⟟⋏⟒⎅ ⏃ ⌿⏃⍀⏁⟟⏃⌰ ⏚⌰⍜☊☍⏃⎅⟒ ⍜⋏ ⏁⊑⟒ ⌇⏁⍀⟟⌿ ⏁⍜ ⟟⌇⍜⌰⏃⏁⟒ ⊑⏃⋔⏃⌇ ⏃⋏⎅ ⏁⍀⊬ ⏁⍜ ⌇⏁⍜⌿ ⏃⏁⏁⏃☊☍⌇, ⌿⏃⍀⏁⟟☊⎍⌰⏃⍀⌰⊬ ⏁⊑⟒ ⟟⋏⎅⟟⌇☊⍀⟟⋔⟟⋏⏃⏁⟒ ⎎⟟⍀⟟⋏☌ ⍜⎎ ⍀⍜☊☍⟒⏁⌇ ⏁⍜⍙⏃⍀⎅⌇ ⟟⌇⍀⏃⟒⌰⟟ ☊⟟⏁⟟⟒⌇.

⌿⏃⌰⟒⌇⏁⟟⋏⟟⏃⋏⌇ ⟟⋏ ☌⏃⋉⏃ ⌇⏃⊬ ⟟⌇⍀⏃⟒⌰'⌇ ⍀⟒⌇⏁⍀⟟☊⏁⟟⍜⋏⌇ ⏃⋏⎅ ⟟⏁⌇ ⏃⟟⍀ ⌇⏁⍀⟟☍⟒⌇ ⍜⋏ ⊑⟒⏃⎐⟟⌰⊬ ⌿⍜⌿⎍⌰⏃⏁⟒⎅ ⏃⍀⟒⏃⌇ ⏃⋔⍜⎍⋏⏁ ⏁⍜ ☊⍜⌰⌰⟒☊⏁⟟⎐⟒ ⌿⎍⋏⟟⌇⊑⋔⟒⋏⏁.

⏁⊑⟟⌇ ⊬⟒⏃⍀ ⊑⏃⌇ ⏚⟒⟒⋏ ⏁⊑⟒ ⎅⟒⏃⎅⌰⟟⟒⌇⏁ ⊬⟒⏃⍀ ⍜⋏ ⍀⟒☊⍜⍀⎅ ⎎⍜⍀ ⌿⏃⌰⟒⌇⏁⟟⋏⟟⏃⋏⌇ ⟟⋏ ⏁⊑⟒ ⍜☊☊⎍⌿⟟⟒⎅ ⍙⟒⌇⏁ ⏚⏃⋏☍ ⏃⋏⎅ ⟒⏃⌇⏁ ⟊⟒⍀⎍⌇⏃⌰⟒⋔. ⏁⊑⟒⊬ ⏃⌰⌇⍜ ☊⍜⋔⌿⌰⏃⟟⋏ ⍜⎎ ⏁⊑⟒ ⍀⟒⌇⏁⍀⟟☊⏁⟟⍜⋏⌇ ⏃⋏⎅ ⋔⟟⌰⟟⏁⏃⍀⊬ ⏃☊⏁⟟⍜⋏⌇ ⏚⟒⟟⋏☌ ☊⏃⍀⍀⟟⟒⎅ ⍜⎍⏁ ⏁⊑⟒⍀⟒ ⟟⋏ ⍀⟒⌇⌿⍜⋏⌇⟒ ⏁⍜ ⎅⟒⏃⎅⌰⊬ ⏃⏁⏁⏃☊☍⌇ ⍜⋏ ⟟⌇⍀⏃⟒⌰⟟⌇.

⏁⊑⟒⌇⟒ ⏁⟒⋏⌇⟟⍜⋏⌇ ☊⍜⎍⌰⎅ ⊑⏃⎐⟒ ⏚⟒⟒⋏ ⍜⋏⟒ ⍜⎎ ⏁⊑⟒ ⍀⟒⏃⌇⍜⋏⌇ ⎎⍜⍀ ⊑⏃⋔⏃⌇'⌇ ⌰⏃⏁⟒⌇⏁ ⏃⏁⏁⏃☊☍.

⏚⎍⏁ ⏁⊑⟒ ⋔⟟⌰⟟⏁⏃⋏⏁⌇ ⋔⏃⊬ ⏃⌰⌇⍜ ⊑⏃⎐⟒ ⏚⟒⟒⋏ ⌇⟒⟒☍⟟⋏☌ ⏁⍜ ⏚⍜⍜⌇⏁ ⏁⊑⟒⟟⍀ ⌿⍜⌿⎍⌰⏃⍀⟟⏁⊬ ⏃⋔⍜⋏☌ ⍜⍀⎅⟟⋏⏃⍀⊬ ⌿⏃⌰⟒⌇⏁⟟⋏⟟⏃⋏⌇, ⟟⋏☊⌰⎍⎅⟟⋏☌ ⏚⊬ ⎍⌇⟟⋏☌ ⊑⍜⌇⏁⏃☌⟒⌇ ⏁⍜ ⌿⍀⟒⌇⌇⎍⍀⟒ ⟟⌇⍀⏃⟒⌰ ⏁⍜ ⎎⍀⟒⟒ ⌇⍜⋔⟒ ⍜⎎ ⏁⊑⟒ ⟒⌇⏁⟟⋔⏃⏁⟒⎅ ⚏ ,500 ⌿⏃⌰⟒⌇⏁⟟⋏⟟⏃⋏⌇ ⊑⟒⌰⎅ ⟟⋏ ⟟⏁⌇ ⌿⍀⟟⌇⍜⋏⌇.

⍙⊑⍜ ⌇⎍⌿⌿⍜⍀⏁⌇ ⟟⌇⍀⏃⟒⌰ ⟟⋏ ⏁⊑⟒ ☊⎍⍀⍀⟒⋏⏁ ☊⍜⋏⎎⌰⟟☊⏁, ⏃⋏⎅ ⍙⊑⍜ ⎅⍜⟒⌇ ⋏⍜⏁?

⏁⊑⟒ ⎍⌇, ⏁⊑⟒ ⟒⎍⍀⍜⌿⟒⏃⋏ ⎍⋏⟟⍜⋏ ⏃⋏⎅ ⍜⏁⊑⟒⍀ ⍙⟒⌇⏁⟒⍀⋏ ☊⍜⎍⋏⏁⍀⟟⟒⌇ ⊑⏃⎐⟒ ⏃⌰⌰ ☊⍜⋏⎅⟒⋔⋏⟒⎅ ⏁⊑⟒ ⊑⏃⋔⏃⌇ ⏃⏁⏁⏃☊☍ ⍜⋏ ⟟⌇⍀⏃⟒⌰.

⏁⊑⟒ ⎍⌇, ⟟⌇⍀⏃⟒⌰'⌇ ☊⌰⍜⌇⟒⌇⏁ ⏃⌰⌰⊬, ⊑⏃⌇ ⍜⎐⟒⍀ ⏁⊑⟒ ⊬⟒⏃⍀⌇ ☌⟟⎐⟒⋏ ⏁⊑⟒ ⟊⟒⍙⟟⌇⊑ ⌇⏁⏃⏁⟒ ⋔⍜⍀⟒ ⏁⊑⏃⋏ $260⏚⋏ ⟟⋏ ⋔⟟⌰⟟⏁⏃⍀⊬ ⏃⋏⎅ ⟒☊⍜⋏⍜⋔⟟☊ ⏃⟟⎅, ⏃⋏⎅ ⊑⏃⌇ ⌿⍀⍜⋔⟟⌇⟒⎅ ⏃⎅⎅⟟⏁⟟⍜⋏⏃⌰ ⟒⍾⎍⟟⌿⋔⟒⋏⏁, ⏃⟟⍀ ⎅⟒⎎⟒⋏☊⟒ ⋔⟟⌇⌇⟟⌰⟒⌇, ☌⎍⟟⎅⟒⎅ ⏚⍜⋔⏚⌇ ⏃⋏⎅ ⏃⋔⋔⎍⋏⟟⏁⟟⍜⋏.

⟟⏁ ⊑⏃⌇ ⏃⌰⌇⍜ ⌇⟒⋏⏁ ⏁⍙⍜ ⏃⟟⍀☊⍀⏃⎎⏁ ☊⏃⍀⍀⟟⟒⍀ ⌇⏁⍀⟟☍⟒ ☌⍀⍜⎍⌿⌇ ⏁⍜ ⏁⊑⟒ ⟒⏃⌇⏁⟒⍀⋏ ⋔⟒⎅⟟⏁⟒⍀⍀⏃⋏⟒⏃⋏ ⏁⍜ ⎅⟒⏁⟒⍀ ⟟⌇⍀⏃⟒⌰'⌇ ⟒⋏⟒⋔⟟⟒⌇, ⌿⏃⍀⏁⟟☊⎍⌰⏃⍀⌰⊬ ⌰⟒⏚⏃⋏⍜⋏'⌇ ⊑⟒⋉⏚⍜⌰⌰⏃⊑ ⋔⍜⎐⟒⋔⟒⋏⏁, ⎎⍀⍜⋔ ⍜⌿⟒⋏⟟⋏☌ ⏃ ⌇⟒☊⍜⋏⎅ ⎎⍀⍜⋏⏁ ⟟⋏ ⏁⊑⟒ ⍙⏃⍀.

⍀⎍⌇⌇⟟⏃ ⏃⋏⎅ ☊⊑⟟⋏⏃ ⊑⏃⎐⟒ ⏚⍜⏁⊑ ⍀⟒⎎⎍⌇⟒⎅ ⏁⍜ ☊⍜⋏⎅⟒⋔⋏ ⊑⏃⋔⏃⌇, ⏃⋏⎅ ⌇⏃⊬ ⏁⊑⟒⊬ ⏃⍀⟒ ⋔⏃⟟⋏⏁⏃⟟⋏⟟⋏☌ ☊⍜⋏⏁⏃☊⏁ ⍙⟟⏁⊑ ⏚⍜⏁⊑ ⌇⟟⎅⟒⌇ ⟟⋏ ⏁⊑⟒ ☊⍜⋏⎎⌰⟟☊⏁. ⍀⎍⌇⌇⟟⏃⋏ ⌿⍀⟒⌇⟟⎅⟒⋏⏁ ⎐⌰⏃⎅⟟⋔⟟⍀ ⌿⎍⏁⟟⋏ ⊑⏃⌇ ⏚⌰⏃⋔⟒⎅ ⎍⌇ ⌿⍜⌰⟟☊⊬ ⎎⍜⍀ ⏁⊑⟒ ⏃⏚⌇⟒⋏☊⟒ ⍜⎎ ⌿⟒⏃☊⟒ ⟟⋏ ⏁⊑⟒ ⋔⟟⎅⎅⌰⟒ ⟒⏃⌇⏁.

⟟⍀⏃⋏, ⟟⌇⍀⏃⟒⌰'⌇ ⏃⍀☊⊑-⟒⋏⟒⋔⊬, ⟟⌇ ⏃ ☍⟒⊬ ⌇⎍⌿⌿⍜⍀⏁⟒⍀ ⍜⎎ ⊑⏃⋔⏃⌇, ⏃⌇ ⍙⟒⌰⌰ ⏃⌇ ⊑⟒⋉⏚⍜⌰⌰⏃⊑, ⍙⊑⍜⌇⟒ ⋔⟟⌰⟟⏁⏃⋏⏁⌇ ⊑⏃⎐⟒ ⏚⟒⟒⋏ ⟒⌖☊⊑⏃⋏☌⟟⋏☌ ⎎⟟⍀⟒ ⍙⟟⏁⊑ ⟟⌇⍀⏃⟒⌰⟟ ⎎⍜⍀☊⟒⌇ ⏃⌰⋔⍜⌇⏁ ⎅⏃⟟⌰⊬ ⌇⟟⋏☊⟒ ⊑⏃⋔⏃⌇'⌇ ⏃⏁⏁⏃☊☍.

⍾⎍⟒⌇⏁⟟⍜⋏⌇ ⊑⏃⎐⟒ ⏚⟒⟒⋏ ⏃⌇☍⟒⎅ ⏃⏚⍜⎍⏁ ⟟⍀⏃⋏'⌇ ⍀⍜⌰⟒ ⟟⋏ ⏁⊑⟒ ⊑⏃⋔⏃⌇' ⏃⏁⏁⏃☊☍, ⏃⎎⏁⟒⍀ ⍀⟒⌿⍜⍀⏁⌇ ⌇⏃⟟⎅ ⟟⏁ ☌⏃⎐⟒ ⏁⊑⟒ ☌⍜-⏃⊑⟒⏃⎅ ⎅⏃⊬⌇ ⏚⟒⎎⍜⍀⟒. ⏁⟒⊑⍀⏃⋏ ⊑⏃⌇, ⊑⍜⍙⟒⎐⟒⍀, ⎅⟒⋏⟟⟒⎅ ⏃⋏⊬ ⟟⋏⎐⍜⌰⎐⟒⋔⟒⋏⏁.

⍀⟒⌰⏃⏁⟒⎅ ⏁⍜⌿⟟☊⌇

⋔⟟⎅⎅⌰⟒ ⟒⏃⌇⏁

⟟⌇⍀⏃⟒⌰ & ⏁⊑⟒ ⌿⏃⌰⟒⌇⏁⟟⋏⟟⏃⋏⌇

⟟⌇⍀⏃⟒⌰-☌⏃⋉⏃ ⍙⏃⍀

⟟⌇⍀⏃⟒⌰

⌿⏃⌰⟒⌇⏁⟟⋏⟟⏃⋏ ⏁⟒⍀⍀⟟⏁⍜⍀⟟⟒⌇

☌⏃⋉⏃

⟊⟒⍀⎍⌇⏃⌰⟒⋔

⋔⍜⍀⟒ ⍜⋏ ⏁⊑⟟⌇ ⌇⏁⍜⍀⊬

⟟⌇⍀⏃⟒⌰ ⎎⏃☊⟒⌇ '⌰⍜⋏☌, ⎅⟟⎎⎎⟟☊⎍⌰⏁ ⍙⏃⍀' ⍙⟟⏁⊑ ⊑⏃⋔⏃⌇

⌿⎍⏚⌰⟟⌇⊑⟒⎅

⏔ ⍜☊⏁⍜⏚⟒⍀

⌇⋔⍜☍⟒ ⏃⋏⎅ ⎎⌰⏃⋔⟒ ⍀⟟⌇⟒ ⏃⎎⏁⟒⍀ ⟟⌇⍀⏃⟒⌰⟟ ⏃⟟⍀ ⎎⍜⍀☊⟒⌇ ⏁⏃⍀☌⟒⏁⟟⋏☌ ⏃ ⌇⊑⍜⌿⌿⟟⋏☌ ☊⟒⋏⏁⟒⍀ ⟟⋏ ☌⏃⋉⏃ ⌇⏁⍀⟟⌿, ☌⏃⋉⏃ ⍜⋏ ⍜☊⏁⍜⏚⟒⍀ 07, 2023.

 ⏚⍜⍙⟒⋏: ⟟⌇⍀⏃⟒⌰ ⏚⌰⟟⋏⎅⌇⟟⎅⟒⎅ ⏚⊬ ⋔⍜⌇⏁ ⌇⟒⍀⟟⍜⎍⌇ ⏃⏁⏁⏃☊☍ ⟟⋏ ⏃ ☌⟒⋏⟒⍀⏃⏁⟟⍜⋏

⌿⎍⏚⌰⟟⌇⊑⟒⎅

⏓ ⍜☊⏁⍜⏚⟒⍀

⌿⏃⌰⟒⌇⏁⟟⋏⟟⏃⋏⌇ ⏚⎍⍀⋏ ☊⏃⍀ ⏁⟟⍀⟒⌇ ⏃⋏⎅ ⏚⌰⍜☊☍ ⍀⍜⏃⎅⌇ ⏃⌇ ⏁⊑⟒⊬ ☊⌰⏃⌇⊑ ⍙⟟⏁⊑ ⟟⌇⍀⏃⟒⌰⟟ ⎎⍜⍀☊⟒⌇ ⟟⋏ ⏚⟒⟟⏁ ⟒⌰ ⎅⟟⌇⏁⍀⟟☊⏁ ⍜⎎ ⍀⏃⋔⏃⌰⌰⏃⊑, ⍙⟒⌇⏁ ⏚⏃⋏☍ ⍜⋏ ⍜☊⏁⍜⏚⟒⍀ 07, 2023

⏁⍜⌿ ⌇⏁⍜⍀⟟⟒⌇

⊑⟒ ⊑⏃⎅ ⏃ ☊⏃⌰⌰ ⎎⍀⍜⋔ ⟟⌇⍀⏃⟒⌰⟟ ⟟⋏⏁⟒⌰⌰⟟☌⟒⋏☊⟒. '⍙⟒ ⊑⏃⎐⟒ ⏁⊑⟒ ⍜⍀⎅⟒⍀ ⏁⍜ ⏚⍜⋔⏚. ⊬⍜⎍ ⊑⏃⎐⟒ ⏁⍙⍜ ⊑⍜⎍⍀⌇'

⌿⎍⏚⌰⟟⌇⊑⟒⎅

⏓ ⊑⍜⎍⍀⌇ ⏃☌⍜

⍜⊑⟟⍜ ⎐⍜⏁⟒⌇ ⏁⍜ ⏃⎅⎅ ⏃⏚⍜⍀⏁⟟⍜⋏ ⍀⟟☌⊑⏁⌇ ⏁⍜ ☊⍜⋏⌇⏁⟟⏁⎍⏁⟟⍜⋏

⌿⎍⏚⌰⟟⌇⊑⟒⎅

⚏  ⊑⍜⎍⍀⌇ ⏃☌⍜

⏁⊑⍀⟒⟒ ⏁⏃☍⟒⏃⍙⏃⊬⌇ ⎎⍀⍜⋔ ⏁⊑⟒ ⍜⎎⎎-⊬⟒⏃⍀ ⎍⌇ ⟒⌰⟒☊⏁⟟⍜⋏

⌿⎍⏚⌰⟟⌇⊑⟒⎅

⊕  ⋔⟟⋏⎍⏁⟒⌇ ⏃☌⍜

⎎⟒⏃⏁⎍⍀⟒⌇

⍀⟒⏁⍀⏃☊⟟⋏☌ ⊬⍜⎍⋏☌ ⏚⍜⊬'⌇ ⟒⌇☊⏃⌿⟒ ⎎⍀⍜⋔ ⋏⏃⋉⟟ ⌿⍜☌⍀⍜⋔⌇

☌⟒⍜⍀☌⟒ ⌇⊑⟒⎎⟟ ⏃⌇ ⏃ ⊬⍜⎍⋏☌ ⏚⍜⊬

⊑⍜⍙ ⍙⟒⍙⍜⍀☍’⌇ ⎎⍜⎍⋏⎅⟒⍀ ⎎⌰⟒⍙ ⏁⍜⍜ ☊⌰⍜⌇⟒ ⏁⍜ ⏁⊑⟒ ⌇⎍⋏

⏃⎅⏃⋔ ⋏⟒⎍⋔⏃⋏⋏, ☊⍜-⎎⍜⎍⋏⎅⟒⍀ ⏃⋏⎅ ☊⊑⟟⟒⎎ ⟒⌖⟒☊⎍⏁⟟⎐⟒ ⍜⎎⎎⟟☊⟒⍀ ⍜⎎ ⍙⟒⍙⍜⍀☍, ⌇⌿⟒⏃☍⌇ ⎅⎍⍀⟟⋏☌ ⏃ ⌇⟟☌⋏⟟⋏☌ ☊⟒⍀⟒⋔⍜⋏⊬ ⏃⏁ ⍙⟒⍙⍜⍀☍ ⍙⟒⟟⊑⏃⟟ ⍀⍜⏃⎅ ⎎⌰⏃☌⌇⊑⟟⌿ ⍜⋏ 12 ⏃⌿⍀⟟⌰ 2018 ⟟⋏ ⌇⊑⏃⋏☌⊑⏃⟟, ☊⊑⟟⋏⏃

⟟⎐⏃⋏☍⏃ ⏁⍀⎍⋔⌿ ⟟⌇ ⌿⎍⌰⌰⟒⎅ ⏚⏃☊☍ ⟟⋏⏁⍜ ⊑⟒⍀ ⎎⏃⏁⊑⟒⍀'⌇ ⍜⍀⏚⟟⏁

⟟⎐⏃⋏☍⏃ ⏁⍀⎍⋔⌿

⏁⊑⍀⟒⟒ ⏁⏃☍⟒⏃⍙⏃⊬⌇ ⎎⍀⍜⋔ ⏁⊑⟒ ⍜⎎⎎-⊬⟒⏃⍀ ⎍⌇ ⟒⌰⟒☊⏁⟟⍜⋏

'⟟ ⎐⍜⏁⟒⎅' ⌇⏁⟟☊☍⟒⍀⌇ ⌰⏃⊬ ⍜⎍⏁ ⏃⏁ ⏃ ⎐⍜⏁⟟⋏☌ ☊⟒⋏⏁⟒⍀ ⏃⏁ ⎐⟟☊⏁⍜⍀⊬ ⌿⏃⍀☍ ⟟⋏ ⌿⏃⌇⏃⎅⟒⋏⏃, ☊⏃⌰⟟⎎⍜⍀⋏⟟⏃

⌇⊑⍜⎍⌰⎅ ⎅⍜⋔⟒⌇⏁⟟☊ ⏃⏚⎍⌇⟒⍀⌇ ⊑⏃⎐⟒ ☌⎍⋏⌇? ⎍⌇ ⏁⍜⌿ ☊⍜⎍⍀⏁ ⍙⟟⌰⌰ ⎅⟒☊⟟⎅⟒

⌿⍀⍜⏁⟒⌇⏁⟒⍀⌇ ⍜⎍⏁⌇⟟⎅⟒ ⏁⊑⟒ ☊⍜⎍⍀⏁ ⍜⋏ ⏁⎍⟒⌇⎅⏃⊬

⟒⏁⊑⟟⍜⌿⟟⏃ ⌿⋔ ⟒⊬⟒⌇ ⍀⟒⎅ ⌇⟒⏃ ⌿⍜⍀⏁, ⟟⋏⎎⌰⏃⋔⟟⋏☌ ⏁⟒⋏⌇⟟⍜⋏⌇

⟒⏁⊑⟟⍜⌿⟟⏃'⌇ ⌿⍀⟟⋔⟒ ⋔⟟⋏⟟⌇⏁⟒⍀ ⏃⏚⟟⊬ ⏃⊑⋔⟒⎅ ⌇⏃⌰⎍⏁⟒⌇ ⎅⎍⍀⟟⋏☌ ⏁⊑⟒ 116⏁⊑ ☊⟒⌰⟒⏚⍀⏃⏁⟟⍜⋏ ⍜⎎ ⟒⏁⊑⟟⍜⌿⟟⏃⋏ ⎅⟒⎎⟒⋏⌇⟒ ⎎⍜⍀☊⟒ ⎅⏃⊬ ⟟⋏ ⏃⎅⎅⟟⌇ ⏃⏚⏃⏚⏃, ⟒⏁⊑⟟⍜⌿⟟⏃ - 26 ⍜☊⏁⍜⏚⟒⍀ 2023

⍙⊑⊬ ⌇⌿⍜⏁⟟⎎⊬ ⟟⌇ ⏚⟒⏁⏁⟟⋏☌ ⏚⟟☌ ⍜⋏ ⏃⎍⎅⟟⍜⏚⍜⍜☍⌇

⍙⍜⋔⏃⋏ ⍀⎍⋏⋏⟟⋏☌ ⍙⊑⟟⌰⟒ ⌰⟟⌇⏁⟒⋏⟟⋏☌ ⏁⍜ ⏃⎍⎅⟟⍜⏚⍜⍜☍

⌿⌰⏃⊬⟟⋏☌ ⌿⍀⟟⋏☊⟒ ⊑⏃⍀⍀⊬: ⍙⟟☌, ⏃☊☊⟒⋏⏁ - ⏃⋏⎅ ⋏⍜ ⌇⎍⋏⏁⏃⋏

⎎⌰⊬⋏⋏ ⟒⎅⍙⏃⍀⎅⌇, ⟒⌰⟟⋉⏃⏚⟒⏁⊑ ⎅⟒⏚⟟☊☍⟟, ⍀⎍⎎⎍⌇ ☍⏃⋔⌿⏃

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Israel Gaza war: History of the conflict explained

The Palestinian militant group Hamas launched an unprecedented assault on Israel on 7 October, with hundreds of gunmen infiltrating communities near the Gaza Strip.

More than 1,400 Israelis were killed, while the Israeli military says 230 soldiers and civilians, including women and children, were taken to Gaza as hostages.

More than 9,000 Palestinians in Gaza have been killed in air and artillery strikes carried out by the Israeli military in response, according to the Hamas-run health ministry in Gaza.

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More on Israel-Gaza war

Follow live: Latest updates

From Israel: Pain still raw a month after Hamas attacks

Watch: The devastating effects of war on Gaza's children

Explained: Who are the hostages taken by Hamas from Israel?

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What was Israel before 1948?

Britain took control of the area known as Palestine following the defeat of the Ottoman Empire, which ruled that part of the Middle East, in World War One.

The land was inhabited by a Jewish minority and Arab majority, as well as other, smaller ethnic groups.

Tensions between the two peoples grew when the international community gave the UK the task of establishing a "national home" in Palestine for Jewish people.

This stemmed from the Balfour Declaration of 1917, a pledge made by then Foreign Secretary Arthur Balfour to Britain's Jewish community.

The declaration was enshrined in the British mandate over Palestine and endorsed by the newly-created League of Nations - forerunner of the United Nations - in 1922.

To Jews Palestine was their ancestral home, but Palestinian Arabs also claimed the land and opposed the move.

Haganah (Jewish Underground) fighter just before the start of the Israeli War of Independence 1948, wearing a hat and glasses, pointing a gun

IMAGE SOURCE,GETTY IMAGES

Image caption,

A Haganah (Jewish Underground) fighter just before the start of the Israeli War of Independence 1948

Between the 1920s and 1940s, the number of Jews arriving there grew, with many fleeing from persecution in Europe, especially the Nazi Holocaust in World War Two.

Violence between Jews and Arabs, and against British rule, also increased.

In 1947, the UN voted for Palestine to be split into separate Jewish and Arab states, with Jerusalem becoming an international city.

That plan was accepted by Jewish leaders but rejected by the Arab side and never implemented.

The soldiers of allied Arab Legion forces fire, 06 March 1948 from East sector of Jerusalem on Jewish fighters of the Haganah, the Jewish Agency self-defence force, based in Jemin Moshe quarter of the West sector of the city during during the first Arab-Jewish conflict.

IMAGE SOURCE,GETTY IMAGES

Image caption,

The soldiers of allied Arab Legion forces fire on fighters of the Haganah, the Jewish Agency self-defence force, in March 1948

How and why was Israel created?

In 1948, unable to solve the problem, Britain withdrew and Jewish leaders declared the creation of the State of Israel.

It was intended to be a safe haven for Jews fleeing persecution, as well as a national homeland for Jews.

Fighting between Jewish and Arab militias had been intensifying for months, and the day after Israel declared statehood, five Arab countries attacked.

Map showing the 1949 Armistice Lines

Presentational white space

Hundreds of thousands of Palestinians fled or were forced out of their homes in what they call Al Nakba, or the "Catastrophe"

By the time the fighting ended in a ceasefire the following year, Israel controlled most of the territory.

Crowd of people on Israeli flagGetty Images

Israel

9.8 million

Population

73.6%Jews

21.1%Arabs

5.3%Other

Source: Israel Central Bureau of Statistics

Jordan occupied land which became known as the West Bank, and Egypt occupied Gaza.

Jerusalem was divided between Israeli forces in the West, and Jordanian forces in the East.

Because there was never a peace agreement there were more wars and fighting in the following decades.

Israel's borders explained in maps

The map of Israel

Map showing Israel's boundaries today and Palestinian territories

Presentational white space

In a war in 1967, Israel occupied East Jerusalem and the West Bank, as well as most of the Syrian Golan Heights, Gaza and the Egyptian Sinai peninsula.

Most Palestinian refugees and their descendants live in Gaza and the West Bank, as well as in neighbouring Jordan, Syria and Lebanon.

Neither they nor their descendants have been allowed by Israel to return to their homes - Israel says this would overwhelm the country and threaten its existence as a Jewish state.

Israeli military commanders arrive in East Jerusalem, after Israeli forces seized East Jerusalem, during the Six Day War 1967

IMAGE SOURCE,GETTY IMAGES

Image caption,

Israeli military commanders arrive in East Jerusalem during the Six Day War in 1967

Israel still occupies the West Bank and claims the whole of Jerusalem as its capital, while the Palestinians claim East Jerusalem as the capital of a hoped-for future Palestinian state. The US is one of only a handful of countries to recognise the city as Israel's capital.

In the past 50 years Israel has built settlements in the West Bank and East Jerusalem, where more than 700,000 Jews now live.

Settlements are held to be illegal under international law - that is the position of the UN Security Council and the UK government, among others - although Israel rejects this.

Where do Palestinians live?

Pro-Palestinian demonstration in Jordan's capital AmmanGetty Images

Palestinians

14.3 million

Total population

West Bank3 million

Gaza Strip2 million

Jordan2 million

Israel2 million

Syria0.5 million

Source: Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics

What is the Gaza Strip?

Gaza is a narrow strip of land sandwiched between Israel and the Mediterranean Sea, but with a short southern border with Egypt.

Just 41km (25 miles) long and 10km wide, it has more than two million inhabitants and is one of the most densely populated places on Earth.

In the wake of the 1948-49 war, Gaza was occupied by Egypt for 19 years.

Israel occupied Gaza in the 1967 war and stayed until 2005, during that time building Jewish settlements.

Israel withdrew its troops and settlers in 2005, though it retained control over its airspace, shared border and shoreline. The UN still considers the territory to be occupied by Israel.

Where is the Gaza Strip?

Map of Gaza, showing urban areas, refugee camps and border crossing between Gaza, Israel and Egypt.

Gaza Strip in maps: What it's like for the people who live there

What are the main problems between Israelis and Palestinians?

There are a number of issues which the two sides cannot agree on.

These include:

What should happen to Palestinian refugees

Whether Jewish settlements in the occupied West Bank should stay or be removed

Whether the two sides should share Jerusalem

And - perhaps most tricky of all - whether a Palestinian state should be created alongside Israel

What efforts have been made to resolve these problems?

Israel-Palestinian peace talks were held on and off between the 1990s and 2010s, interspersed with outbreaks of violence.

A negotiated peace did seem possible in the early days. A series of secret talks in Norway became the Oslo peace process, forever symbolised by a ceremony on the White House lawn in 1993 presided over by President Bill Clinton.

In a historic moment, the Palestinians recognised the State of Israel and Israel recognised its historical enemy, the Palestine Liberation Organisation (PLO), as the sole representative of the Palestinian people. A self-governing Palestinian Authority was set up.

Cracks soon appeared, though, with then opposition leader Benjamin Netanyahu calling Oslo a mortal threat to Israel. The Israelis accelerated their project to settle Jews in the occupied Palestinian territories. The recently emerged Palestinian militant group Hamas sent suicide bombers to kill people in Israel and wreck the chances of a deal.

Yitzhak Rabin and Yasser Arafat shake hands as US President Bill Clinton looks on - 1993 picture

IMAGE SOURCE,REUTERS

Image caption,

Peace seemed possible in the early 1990s when the Oslo accords were signed

The atmosphere in Israel turned ugly, culminating in Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin's assassination by a Jewish extremist on 4 November 1995.

In the 2000s attempts were made to revive the peace process - including in 2003 when a roadmap was devised by world powers with the ultimate goal of a two-state solution, but this was never implemented.

Peace efforts finally stalled in 2014, when talks failed between the Israelis and Palestinians in Washington.

The most recent peace plan - prepared by the US when Donald Trump was president - was called "the deal of the century" by Prime Minister Netanyahu, but was dismissed by the Palestinians as one-sided and never got off the ground.

Why are Israel and Gaza at war now?

Israel flags flying and a Palestinian scarf with "Palestine" written on it

IMAGE SOURCE,GETTY IMAGES

Gaza is ruled by Hamas, an Islamist group which is committed to the destruction of Israel and is designated as a terrorist group by the UK and many other countries.

Hamas won the Palestinians' last elections in 2006, and seized control of Gaza the following year by ousting the rival Fatah movement of West Bank-based President Mahmoud Abbas.

Since then, militants in Gaza have fought several wars with Israel, which along with Egypt has maintained a partial blockade on the strip to isolate Hamas and try to stop attacks, particularly the indiscriminate firing of rockets towards Israeli cities.

Palestinians in Gaza say Israel's restrictions and its air strikes on heavily populated areas amount to collective punishment.

This year has been the deadliest year on record for Palestinians in the occupied West Bank and East Jerusalem. They also complain of the restrictions and military actions being carried out there in response to deadly attacks on Israelis.

These tensions could have been one of the reasons for Hamas's latest attack.

But the militants may also have been seeking to boost their popularity among ordinary Palestinians, including by using hostages to pressure Israel to free some of the estimated 4,500 Palestinians held in its prisons.

Who supports Israel in the current conflict, and who does not?

The US, the European Union and other Western countries have all condemned the Hamas attack on Israel.

The US, Israel's closest ally, has over the years given the Jewish state more than $260bn in military and economic aid, and has promised additional equipment, air defence missiles, guided bombs and ammunition.

It has also sent two aircraft carrier strike groups to the eastern Mediterranean to deter Israel's enemies, particularly Lebanon's Hezbollah movement, from opening a second front in the war.

Russia and China have both refused to condemn Hamas, and say they are maintaining contact with both sides in the conflict. Russian President Vladimir Putin has blamed US policy for the absence of peace in the Middle East.

Iran, Israel's arch-enemy, is a key supporter of Hamas, as well as Hezbollah, whose militants have been exchanging fire with Israeli forces almost daily since Hamas's attack.

Questions have been asked about Iran's role in the Hamas' attack, after reports said it gave the go-ahead days before. Tehran has, however, denied any involvement.

Related Topics

Middle East

Israel & the Palestinians

Israel-Gaza war

Israel

Palestinian territories

Gaza

Jerusalem

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