Intel integrated graphics cards seem to be a bad match with Godot. In 0.5.24, the game shifted from openGL 3.0 to openGL 2.0. I'm assuming that you verified that your card supports at least openGL 2.0, not that it seems to matter for Intel integrated cards.
You state "the cmd prompt and game open up as normal", does this mean that prior versions of the game have worked for you? Otherwise a new idea, if you haven't tried 0.5.23c (uses openGL 3.0), then it might be worth a shot, not sure if that makes a difference. Probably a few unofficial sites that still share the older versions.
The most interesting part of this is that you get sound but the cmd terminal doesn't show an error. This means that the game started executing game code before the error. Sounds like a hung program, probably due to a critical graphics function call that never returns a value (based on the graphics card). Unfortunately, debugging that would probably be something for Godot.