i wanna say about robot

A robot is a machine—especially one programmable by a computer—capable of carrying out a complex series of actions automatically.^{<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-2" ]<2]<="" a=""></a>}<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-2" ]<2]<="" a=""> A robot can be guided by an external control device, or the </a>control may be embedded within. Robots may be constructed to evoke human form, but most robots are task-performing machines, designed with an emphasis on stark functionality, rather than expressive aesthetics.

Robots can be autonomous or semi-autonomous and range from humanoids such as Honda's Advanced Step in Innovative Mobility (ASIMO) and TOSY's TOSY Ping Pong Playing Robot (TOPIO) to industrial robots, medical operating robots, patient assist robots, dog therapy robots, collectively programmed swarm robots, UAV drones such as General Atomics MQ-1 Predator, and even microscopic nano robots. By mimicking a lifelike appearance or automating movements, a robot may convey a sense of intelligence or thought of its own. Autonomous things are expected to proliferate in the future, with home robotics and the autonomous car as some of the main drivers.^{<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-3" ]<3]<="" a=""></a>}<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-3" ]<3]<="" a=""> </a>

<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-3" ]<3]<="" a="">The branch of technology that deals with the design, construction, operation, and application of robots,</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-OED-4" ]<4]<="" a=""> as well as computer systems for their control, sensory feedback, and </a>information processing is robotics. These technologies deal with automated machines that can take the place of humans in dangerous environments or manufacturing processes, or resemble humans in appearance, behavior, or cognition. Many of today's robots are inspired by nature contributing to the field of bio-inspired robotics. These robots have also created a newer branch of robotics: soft robotics.

From the time of ancient civilization, there have been many accounts of user-configurable automated devices and even automata resembling humans and other animals, such as animatronics, designed primarily as entertainment. As mechanical techniques developed through the Industrial age, there appeared more practical applications such as automated machines, remote-control and wireless remote-control.

The term comes from a Slavic root, robot-, with meanings associated with labor. The word 'robot' was first used to denote a fictional humanoid in a 1920 Czech-language play R.U.R. (Rossumovi Univerzální Roboti – Rossum's Universal Robots) by Karel Čapek, though it was Karel's brother Josef Čapek who was the word's true inventor.^{<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-5" ]<5]<="" a=""></a>}<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-5" ]<5]<="" a=""></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-KapekWebsite-6" ]<6]<="" a=""></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-auto1-7" ]<7]<="" a=""> Electronics evolved into the driving force of development with the advent of the first electronic autonomous robots created by </a>William Grey Walter in Bristol, England in 1948, as well as Computer Numerical Control (CNC) machine tools in the late 1940s by John T. Parsons and Frank L. Stulen.

The first modern digital and programmable robot was invented by George Devol in 1954 and spawned his seminal robotics company, Unimation. The first Unimate was sold to General Motors in 1961 where it lifted pieces of hot metal from die casting machines at the Inland Fisher Guide Plant in the West Trenton section of Ewing Township, New Jersey.^{<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-8" ]<8]<="" a=""></a>}<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-8" ]<8]<="" a=""> </a>

1. HISTORY<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-8" ]<8]<="" a="">
   </a>The idea of automata originates in the mythologies of many cultures around the world. Engineers and inventors from ancient civilizations, including Ancient China,[14] Ancient Greece, and Ptolemaic Egypt,[15] attempted to build self-operating machines, some resembling animals and humans. Early descriptions of automata include the artificial doves of Archytas,[16] the artificial birds of Mozi and Lu Ban,[17] a "speaking" automaton by Hero of Alexandria, a washstand automaton by Philo of Byzantium, and a human automaton described in the Lie Zi.[14]

2. Early beginnings

Many ancient mythologies, and most modern religions include artificial people, such as the mechanical servants built by the Greek god Hephaestus^{<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-18" ]<18]<="" a=""></a>}<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-18" ]<18]<="" a="">(</a>Vulcan to the Romans), the clay golems of Jewish legend and clay giants of Norse legend, and Galatea, the mythical statue of Pygmalion that came to life. Since circa 400 BC, myths of Crete include Talos, a man of bronze who guarded the island from pirates.

In ancient Greece, the Greek engineer Ctesibius (c. 270 BC) "applied a knowledge of pneumatics and hydraulics to produce the first organ and water clocks with moving figures."^{<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-robot-evolution-19" ]<19]<="" a=""></a>}<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-robot-evolution-19" ]<19]<="" a="">^: 2</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-20" ]<20]<="" a=""> In the 4th century BC, the </a>Greek mathematician Archytas of Tarentum postulated a mechanical steam-operated bird he called "The Pigeon". Hero of Alexandria (10–70 AD), a Greek mathematician and inventor, created numerous user-configurable automated devices, and described machines powered by air pressure, steam and water.^{<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-21" ]<21]<="" a=""></a>}<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-21" ]<21]<="" a=""> </a>

The 11th century Lokapannatti tells of how the Buddha's relics were protected by mechanical robots (bhuta vahana yanta), from the kingdom of Roma visaya (Rome); until they were disarmed by King Ashoka.^{<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-22" ]<22]<="" a=""></a>}<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-22" ]<22]<="" a=""> </a>

<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-22" ]<22]<="" a="">In ancient China, the 3rd-century text of the Lie Zi describes an account of humanoid automata, involving a much earlier encounter between Chinese emperor </a>King Mu of Zhou and a mechanical engineer known as Yan Shi, an 'artificer'. Yan Shi proudly presented the king with a life-size, human-shaped figure of his mechanical 'handiwork' made of leather, wood, and artificial organs.^{<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-needham_volume_2_53-14" ]<14]<="" a=""></a>}<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-needham_volume_2_53-14" ]<14]<="" a=""> There are also accounts of flying automata in the Han Fei Zi and other texts, which attributes the 5th century BC </a>Mohist philosopher Mozi and his contemporary Lu Ban with the invention of artificial wooden birds (ma yuan) that could successfully fly.^{<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-needham_volume_2_54-17" ]<17]<="" a=""></a>}<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-needham_volume_2_54-17" ]<17]<="" a=""> </a>

In 1066, the Chinese inventor Su Song built a water clock in the form of a tower which featured mechanical figurines which chimed the hours.^{<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-Fowler-23" ]<23]<="" a=""></a>}<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-Fowler-23" ]<23]<="" a=""></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-24" ]<24]<="" a=""></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-NSAJAutomata-25" ]<25]<="" a=""> His mechanism had a programmable drum machine with pegs (</a>cams) that bumped into little levers that operated percussion instruments. The drummer could be made to play different rhythms and different drum patterns by moving the pegs to different locations.^{<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-NSAJAutomata-25" ]<25]<="" a=""></a>}<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-NSAJAutomata-25" ]<25]<="" a=""> </a>

<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-NSAJAutomata-25" ]<25]<="" a=""></a>Samarangana Sutradhara, a Sanskrit treatise by Bhoja (11th century), includes a chapter about the construction of mechanical contrivances (automata), including mechanical bees and birds, fountains shaped like humans and animals, and male and female dolls that refilled oil lamps, danced, played instruments, and re-enacted scenes from Hindu mythology.^{<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-26" ]<26]<="" a=""></a>}<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-26" ]<26]<="" a=""></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-27" ]<27]<="" a=""></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-28" ]<28]<="" a=""> </a>

<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-28" ]<28]<="" a="">13th century </a>Muslim scientist Ismail al-Jazari created several automated devices. He built automated moving peacocks driven by hydropower.^{<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-:0-29" ]<29]<="" a=""></a>}<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-:0-29" ]<29]<="" a=""> He also invented the earliest known automatic gates, which were driven by hydropower,</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-Turner-30" ]<30]<="" a="">created automatic doors as part of one of his elaborate </a>water clocks.^{<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-Hill2-31" ]<31]<="" a=""></a>}<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-Hill2-31" ]<31]<="" a=""> One of al-Jazari's </a>humanoid automata was a waitress that could serve water, tea or drinks. The drink was stored in a tank with a reservoir from where the drink drips into a bucket and, after seven minutes, into a cup, after which the waitress appears out of an automatic door serving the drink.^{<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-32" ]<32]<="" a=""></a>}<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-32" ]<32]<="" a=""> Al-Jazari invented a hand washing </a>automaton incorporating a flush mechanism now used in modern flush toilets. It features a female humanoid automaton standing by a basin filled with water. When the user pulls the lever, the water drains and the female automaton refills the basin.^{<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-robot-evolution-19" ]<19]<="" a=""></a>}<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-robot-evolution-19" ]<19]<="" a=""> </a>

<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-robot-evolution-19" ]<19]<="" a="">Mark E. Rosheim summarizes the advances in </a>robotics made by Muslim engineers, especially al-Jazari, as follows:

Unlike the Greek designs, these Arab examples reveal an interest, not only in dramatic illusion, but in manipulating the environment for human comfort. Thus, the greatest contribution the Arabs made, besides preserving, disseminating and building on the work of the Greeks, was the concept of practical application. This was the key element that was missing in Greek robotic science.^{<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-robot-evolution-19" ]<19]<="" a=""></a>}<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-robot-evolution-19" ]<19]<="" a="">^: 9 </a>

<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-nih-33" ]<33]<="" a="">In the 14th century, the coronation of </a>Richard II of England featured an automata angel.^{<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-Truitt_2015_p._136-34" ]<34]<="" a=""></a>}<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-Truitt_2015_p._136-34" ]<34]<="" a=""> </a>

<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-Truitt_2015_p._136-34" ]<34]<="" a="">In </a>Renaissance Italy, Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519) sketched plans for a humanoid robot around 1495. Da Vinci's notebooks, rediscovered in the 1950s, contained detailed drawings of a mechanical knight now known as Leonardo's robot, able to sit up, wave its arms and move its head and jaw.^{<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-35" ]<35]<="" a=""></a>}<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-35" ]<35]<="" a=""> The design was probably based on anatomical research recorded in his </a>Vitruvian Man. It is not known whether he attempted to build it. According to Encyclopædia Britannica, Leonardo da Vinci may have been influenced by the classic automata of al-Jazari.^{<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-:0-29" ]<29]<="" a=""></a>}<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-:0-29" ]<29]<="" a=""> </a>

<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-:0-29" ]<29]<="" a="">In Japan, complex animal and human automata were built between the 17th to 19th centuries, with many described in the 18th century Karakuri zui (Illustrated Machinery, 1796). One such automaton was the </a>karakuri ningyō, a mechanized puppet.^{<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-36" ]<36]<="" a=""></a>}<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-36" ]<36]<="" a=""> Different variations of the karakuri existed: the Butai karakuri, which were used in theatre, the Zashiki karakuri, which were small and used in homes, and the Dashi karakuri which were used in religious festivals, where the puppets were used to perform reenactments of traditional </a>myths and legends.

In France, between 1738 and 1739, Jacques de Vaucanson exhibited several life-sized automatons: a flute player, a pipe player and a duck. The mechanical duck could flap its wings, crane its neck, and swallow food from the exhibitor's hand, and it gave the illusion of digesting its food by excreting matter stored in a hidden compartment.^{<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-37" ]<37]<="" a=""></a>}<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-37" ]<37]<="" a=""> About 30 years later in Switzerland the clockmaker </a>Pierre Jaquet-Droz made several complex mechanical figures that could write and play music. Several of these devices still exist and work.^{<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-38" ]<38]<="" a=""></a>}<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-38" ]<38]<="" a=""> </a>

<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot#cite_note-38" ]<38]<="" a="">
</a>IF you want see is this firs post you guess 

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